Antisense modulation of integrin α4 expression

ABSTRACT

Compositions and methods are provided for modulating the expression of integrin α4. Antisense compounds, particularly antisense oligonucleotides, targeted to nucleic acids encoding integrin α4 are preferred. Methods of using these compounds for modulating integrin α4 expression and for treatment of diseases associated with expression of integrin α4 are also provided.

INTRODUCTION

This application is a continuation-in-part of U.S. Ser. No. 09/166,203 filed Oct. 5, 1998, now U.S. Pat. No. 5,968,826.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention provides compositions and methods for modulating the expression of integrin α4. In particular, this invention relates to antisense compounds, particularly oligonucleotides, specifically hybridizable with nucleic acids encoding human integrin α4. Such oligonucleotides have been shown to modulate the expression of human integrin α4.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Inflammation is a localized protective response elicited by tissues in response to injury, infection, or tissue destruction resulting in the destruction of the infectious or injurious agent and isolation of the injured tissue. A typical inflammatory response proceeds as follows: recognition of an antigen as foreign or recognition of tissue damage, synthesis and release of soluble inflammatory mediators, recruitment of inflammatory cells to the site of infection or tissue damage, destruction and removal of the invading organism or damaged tissue, and deactivation of the system once the invading organism or damage has been resolved. In many human diseases with an inflammatory component, the normal, homeostatic mechanisms which attenuate the inflammatory responses are defective, resulting in damage and destruction of normal tissue.

Cell—cell interactions are involved in the activation of the immune response at each of the stages described above. One of the earliest detectable events in a normal inflammatory response is adhesion of leukocytes to the vascular endothelium, followed by migration of leukocytes out of the vasculature to the site of infection or injury. The adhesion of these leukocytes, or white blood cells, to vascular endothelium is an obligate step in the migration out of the vasculature (Harlan, J. M., Blood 1985, 65, 513-525). This response is mediated by the interaction of adhesion molecules expressed on the cell surface of leukocytes and vascular endothelial cells. Very late antigen-4 (also called VLA-4, α4β1 or CD49d/CD29) is a homodimeric adhesion receptor which is composed of noncovalently linked α and β subunits and serves to mediate leukocyte adhesion to vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1) which is expressed on cytokine-stimulated endothelial cells. This interaction between VCAM-1 and VLA-4 contributes to leukocyte extravasation in acute and chronic inflammatory conditions including multiple sclerosis (MS), rheumatoid arthritis, asthma, psoriasis and allergy.

Fibronectin is also a ligand for VLA-4. Fibronectin plays an important role in many processes including embryonic development, wound healing and tumor cell metastasis (Guan, J.-L. and Hynes, R. O., Cell 1990, 60, 53-61).

VLA-4 is a heterodimer of an α4 integrin and a β1 integrin. The α4 integrin can also heterodimerize with a β7 integrin chain to form integrin α4β7 which is known as a mucosal homing receptor because its primary ligand is the mucosal vascular addressing MadCAM-1. Integrin α4β7 identifies a subset of memory T cells with a tropism for the intestinal tract, whereas integrin α4β1 (VLA-4) is constitutively expressed on most mononuclear leukocytes, but not on circulating neutrophils. The interaction of VCAM-1 with VLA-4 suggests that VLA-4 is a potential therapeutic target for inflammatory diseases, including atherosclerosis, allergy and asthma, arthritis, and tumor cell metastasis (Kassner, P. D., et al, Adv. Exp. Med. Biol. 1992, 323, 163-170). VLA-4 has also been found to play a role in promoting adhesion (i.e., retention) of hemopoietic stem cells in the bone marrow (Papayannopoulou and Nakamoto, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 1993, 90, 9374-9378).

Asthma is an inflammatory disease associated with eosinophil infiltration into the lung. VLA-4 is expressed on eosinophils. Metzger, W. J. (Springer Semin. Immunopathol. 1995, 16, 467-478) used a rabbit model of asthma to demonstrate that both an anti-VLA-4 antibody and a CS-1 peptide could reduce eosinophil infiltration into the lung and reduce the development of asthma.

Rheumatoid arthritis is another disease associated with inflammation. Müller-Ladner, U., et al., (J. Rheumatology 1997, 24, 1873-1880) found that the alternatively spliced form of fibronectin containing CS-1 was expressed in the rheumatoid synovium. Additionally, they found that not only did expression of fibronectin result in recruitment of VLA-4 expressing cells, but fibroblasts in the rheumatoid synovium expressed VLA-4. Seiffge, D. (J. Rheumotology 1996, 23, 2086-2091) used a rat model for arthritis to show that a monoclonal antibody to the α4 chain of VLA-4 resulted in an improvement of symptoms.

VLA-4 also plays a role in a number of autoimmune diseases. Marazuela, M., et al., (Eur. J. Immunol. 1994, 24, 2483-2490) found elevated expression of both the VLA-4/VCAM-1 and LFA-1/ICAM-1,3 pathways in Graves' disease and Hashimoto's thyroiditis, suggesting that both play a role in these diseases. VLA-4 may also play a role in multiple sclerosis. Antibodies to VLA-4 have been found to prevent experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), an experimentally induced disease with similarities to multiple sclerosis (Yednock, T. A., et al., Nature 1992, 356, 63-66). Elevated expression levels of VLA-4 were detected in a patient with systemic lupus erythematosus (Takeuchi, T., et al., Clin. Rheumatology 1995, 14, 370-374). VLA-4 is involved in cellular responses to two surgical procedures, transplantation and vascular reconstructive procedures. Allograft rejection is a common response to transplantation of a foreign tissue. CS-1 peptides have been found to prevent both acute rejection (Coito, A. J., et al., Transplantation 1998, 65, 699-706) and chronic rejection (Korom, S., et al., Transplantation 1998, 65, 854-859) by blocking VLA-4 binding to fibronectin. During vascular reconstructive surgery, a common cause of failure is intimal hyperplasia which results from the accumulation of monocytes and lymphocytes. In a baboon model, Lumsden, A. B., et al.,(J. Vasc. Surg. 1997, 26, 87-93) demonstrated that an anti-VLA-4 antibody reduced intimal hyperplasia.

VLA-4 also plays a role in tumor cell metastasis. In metastasis, tumor cells must cross the extracellular matrix, enter the circulatory system and invade into new tissue. Bao, L. et al., (Differentiation 1993, 52, 239-246) detected VLA-4 expression of many human tumor cell lines, including a breast carcinoma, melanoma, and renal carcinoma, and found that the presence of VLA-4 correlated well with metastatic potential. Kawaguchi, S. et al., (Jpn. J. Cancer Res. 1992, 83, 1304-1316) transfected a cDNA encoding the α4 subunit of VLA-4 into a human fibrosarcoma cell line. These cells overexpressed VLA-4 and showed increased in vitro invasive ability. Augmentation of metastasis by IL-1 (Garofalo, A.,et al., Cancer Res. 1995, 55, 414-419) or TNF-α (Okahara, H., et al., Cancer Res. 1994, 54, 3233-3236) has been shown to involve the interaction between VLA-4 and VCAM-1. These authors suggest that a therapy directed towards inhibiting this interaction would be useful in reducing the risk of metastasis with conditions associated with high serum concentrations of TNF-α, including cachexia, sepsis, surgical stress, or TNF-α therapeutic applications. Because tumor cells often secrete IL-1 and TNF-α, such a therapy may be useful in reducing the risk of metastasis associated with such tumor cells.

VLA-4 is involved in promoting retention of hemopoietic progenitor cells in the bone marrow. Antibodies to integrin α4 (but not integrin β2) have been found to selectively mobilize progenitor/stem cells into the bloodstream (Papayannopoulou and Nakamoto, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 1993, 90, 9374-9378). This mobilization is of clinical relevance in the field of bone marrow transplantion as it obviates the need for marrow harvesting by making hemopoietic progenitor cells available in the circulating blood.

While steroids and other antiinflammatory drugs are effective in treating inflammatory diseases and conditions, long-term usage often leads to side effects such as increased risk of infection caused by impairment of phagocytic leukocyte migration and function. There is some concern that inhibition of the function of the β1 integrin chain may be associated with increased susceptibility to infections, as demonstrated by a β1 (also called CD18) monoclonal antibody in rabbits (Foster, C. A., 1996, J. Allergy Clin. Immunol., 98, 270-277). It is believed that selective inhibition of the α4 chain may be a more desirable approach. Inhibition of the α4 chain is believed likely to reduce levels of the VLA-4 heterodimer as well as the α4β7 heterodimer.

Potential therapeutic interventions targeting VLA-4 include monoclonal antibodies, and peptide antagonists. Leger, O. J. P., et al. (Human Antibodies 1997, 8, 3-16) describe a monoclonal antibody against VLA-4 that is in phase II clinical trials for multiple sclerosis. CS-1 peptide antagonists have been described by Jackson, D. Y., et al. (J. Med. Chem. 1997, 40, 3359-3369).

Hayashi et al. (Cell Struct. Funct. 1991, 16, 241-249) have used a vector expressing RNA complementary to chicken integrin β1 to reduce integrin β1 expression, resulting in altered cell attachment and shape.

Antisense oligonucleotides targeted to various integrins have been used as tools to dissect the functional interactions of integrins in complex settings. Lallier and Bronner-Fraser (Science, 1993, 259, 692-695) have used phosphorothioate oligonucleotides targeted to conserved and nonconserved regions of chick β1, human α4, rat α1 and human α5 integrins to determine the effects of these integrins on cell attachment. These same oligonucleotides were also injected into cranial neural crest migratory pathways in avian embryos, and it was demonstrated that those oligonucleotides that inhibited cell attachment in vitro also caused neural crest and/or neural tube abnormalities in vivo (Kil et al., Devel. Biol. 1996, 179,91-101).

EP patent application 688 784 (Carolus et al.) discloses 3′ derivatized oligonucleotide analogs, including one sequence targeted to the β1 subunit of VLA-4.

Antisense oligonucleotides are believed to represent a useful means of modulating the expression of integrin α4 and of treating diseases associated with its expression.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present invention is directed to antisense compounds, particularly oligonucleotides, which are targeted to a nucleic acid encoding integrin α4, and which modulate the expression of integrin α4. Pharmaceutical and other compositions comprising the antisense compounds of the invention are also provided. Further provided are methods of modulating the expression of integrin α4 in cells or tissues comprising contacting said cells or tissues with one or more of the antisense compounds or compositions of the invention. Further provided are methods of treating an animal, particularly a human, suspected of having or being prone to a disease or condition associated with expression of integrin α4 by administering a therapeutically or prophylactically effective amount of one or more of the antisense compounds or compositions of the invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

The present invention employs oligomeric antisense compounds, particularly oligonucleotides, for use in modulating the function of nucleic acid molecules encoding integrin α4, ultimately modulating the amount of integrin α4 produced. This is accomplished by providing antisense compounds which specifically hybridize with one or more nucleic acids encoding integrin α4. As used herein, the terms “target nucleic acid” and “nucleic acid encoding integrin α4” encompass DNA encoding integrin α4, RNA (including pre-mRNA and mRNA) transcribed from such DNA, and also cDNA derived from such RNA. The specific hybridization of an oligomeric compound with its target nucleic acid interferes with the normal function of the nucleic acid. This modulation of function of a target nucleic acid by compounds which specifically hybridize to it is generally referred to as “antisense”. The functions of DNA to be interfered with include replication and transcription. The functions of RNA to be interfered with include all vital functions such as, for example, translocation of the RNA to the site of protein translation, translation of protein from the RNA, splicing of the RNA to yield one or more mRNA species, and catalytic activity which may be engaged in or facilitated by the RNA. The overall effect of such interference with target nucleic acid function is modulation of the expression of integrin α4. In the context of the present invention, “modulation” means either an increase (stimulation) or a decrease (inhibition) in the expression of a gene. In the context of the present invention, inhibition is the preferred form of modulation of gene expression and mRNA is a preferred target.

It is preferred to target specific nucleic acids for antisense. “Targeting” an antisense compound to a particular nucleic acid, in the context of this invention, is a multistep process. The process usually begins with the identification of a nucleic acid sequence whose function is to be modulated. This may be, for example, a cellular gene (or mRNA transcribed from the gene) whose expression is associated with a particular disorder or disease state, or a nucleic acid molecule from an infectious agent. In the present invention, the target is a nucleic acid molecule encoding integrin α4. The targeting process also includes determination of a site or sites within this gene for the antisense interaction to occur such that the desired effect, e.g., detection or modulation of expression of the protein, will result. Within the context of the present invention, a preferred intragenic site is the region encompassing the translation initiation or termination codon of the open reading frame (ORF) of the gene. Since, as is known in the art, the translation initiation codon is typically 5′-AUG (in transcribed mRNA molecules; 5′-ATG in the corresponding DNA molecule), the translation initiation codon is also referred to as the “AUG codon,” the “start codon” or the “AUG start codon”. A minority of genes have a translation initiation codon having the RNA sequence 5′-GUG, 5′-UUG or 5′-CUG, and 5′-AUA, 5′-ACG and 5′-CUG have been shown to function in vivo. Thus, the terms “translation initiation codon” and “start codon” can encompass many codon sequences, even though the initiator amino acid in each instance is typically methionine (in eukaryotes) or formylmethionine (in prokaryotes). It is also known in the art that eukaryotic and prokaryotic genes may have two or more alternative start codons, any one of which may be preferentially utilized for translation initiation in a particular cell type or tissue, or under a particular set of conditions. In the context of the invention, “start codon” and “translation initiation codon” refer to the codon or codons that are used in vivo to initiate translation of an mRNA molecule transcribed from a gene encoding integrin α4, regardless of the sequence(s) of such codons.

It is also known in the art that a translation termination codon (or “stop codon”) of a gene may have one of three sequences, i.e., 5′-UAA, 5′-UAG and 5′-UGA (the corresponding DNA sequences are 5′-TAA, 5′-TAG and 5′-TGA, respectively). The terms “start codon region” and “translation initiation codon region” refer to a portion of such an mRNA or gene that encompasses from about 25 to about 50 contiguous nucleotides in either direction (i.e., 5′ or 3′) from a translation initiation codon. Similarly, the terms “stop codon region” and “translation termination codon region” refer to a portion of such an mRNA or gene that encompasses from about 25 to about 50 contiguous nucleotides in either direction (i.e., 5′ or 3′) from a translation termination codon.

The open reading frame (ORF) or “coding region,” which is known in the art to refer to the region between the translation initiation codon and the translation termination codon, is also a region which may be targeted effectively. Other target regions include the 5′ untranslated region (5′UTR), known in the art to refer to the portion of an mRNA in the 5′ direction from the translation initiation codon, and thus including nucleotides between the 5′ cap site and the translation initiation codon of an mRNA or corresponding nucleotides on the gene, and the 3′ untranslated region (3′UTR), known in the art to refer to the portion of an mRNA in the 3′ direction from the translation termination codon, and thus including nucleotides between the translation termination codon and 3′ end of an mRNA or corresponding nucleotides on the gene. The 5′ cap of an mRNA comprises an N7-methylated guanosine residue joined to the 5′-most residue of the mRNA via a 5′—5′ triphosphate linkage. The 5′ cap region of an mRNA is considered to include the 5′ cap structure itself as well as the first 50 nucleotides adjacent to the cap. The 5′ cap region may also be a preferred target region.

Although some eukaryotic mRNA transcripts are directly translated, many contain one or more regions, known as “introns,” which are excised from a transcript before it is translated. The remaining (and therefore translated) regions are known as “exons” and are spliced together to form a continuous mRNA sequence. mRNA splice sites, i.e., intronexon junctions, may also be preferred target regions, and are particularly useful in situations where aberrant splicing is implicated in disease, or where an overproduction of a particular mRNA splice product is implicated in disease. Aberrant fusion junctions due to rearrangements or deletions are also preferred targets. It has also been found that introns can also be effective, and therefore preferred, target regions for antisense compounds targeted, for example, to DNA or pre-mRNA.

Once one or more target sites have been identified, oligonucleotides are chosen which are sufficiently complementary to the target, i.e., hybridize sufficiently well and with sufficient specificity, to give the desired effect.

In the context of this invention, “hybridization” means hydrogen bonding, which may be Watson-Crick, Hoogsteen or reversed Hoogsteen hydrogen bonding, between complementary nucleoside or nucleotide bases. For example, adenine and thymine are complementary nucleobases which pair through the formation of hydrogen bonds. “Complementary,” as used herein, refers to the capacity for precise pairing between two nucleotides. For example, if a nucleotide at a certain position of an oligonucleotide is capable of hydrogen bonding with a nucleotide at the same position of a DNA or RNA molecule, then the oligonucleotide and the DNA or RNA are considered to be complementary to each other at that position. The oligonucleotide and the DNA or RNA are complementary to each other when a sufficient number of corresponding positions in each molecule are occupied by nucleotides which can hydrogen bond with each other. Thus, “specifically hybridizable” and “complementary” are terms which are used to indicate a sufficient degree of complementarity or precise pairing such that stable and specific binding occurs between the oligonucleotide and the DNA or RNA target. It is understood in the art that the sequence of an antisense compound need not be 100% complementary to that of its target nucleic acid to be specifically hybridizable. An antisense compound is specifically hybridizable when binding of the compound to the target DNA or RNA molecule interferes with the normal function of the target DNA or RNA to cause a loss of utility, and there is a sufficient degree of complementarity to avoid non-specific binding of the antisense compound to non-target sequences under conditions in which specific binding is desired, i.e., under physiological conditions in the case of in vivo assays or therapeutic treatment, or in the case of in vitro assays, under conditions in which the assays are performed.

Antisense compounds are commonly used as research reagents and diagnostics. For example, antisense oligonucleotides, which are able to inhibit gene expression with exquisite specificity, are often used by those of ordinary skill to elucidate the function of particular genes. Antisense compounds are also used, for example, to distinguish between functions of various members of a biological pathway. Antisense modulation has, therefore, been harnessed for research use.

The specificity and sensitivity of antisense is also harnessed by those of skill in the art for therapeutic uses. Antisense oligonucleotides have been employed as therapeutic moieties in the treatment of disease states in animals and man. Antisense oligonucleotides have been safely and effectively administered to humans and numerous clinical trials are presently underway. It is thus established that oligonucleotides can be useful therapeutic modalities that can be configured to be useful in treatment regimes for treatment of cells, tissues and animals, especially humans.

In the context of this invention, the term “oligonucleotide” refers to an oligomer or polymer of ribonucleic acid (RNA) or deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) or imetics thereof. This term includes oligonucleotides composed of naturally-occurring nucleobases, sugars and covalent internucleoside (backbone) linkages as well as oligonucleotides having non-naturally-occurring portions which function similarly. Such modified or substituted oligonucleotides are often preferred over native forms because of desirable properties such as, for example, enhanced cellular uptake, enhanced affinity for nucleic acid target and increased stability in the presence of nucleases.

While antisense oligonucleotides are a preferred form of antisense compound, the present invention comprehends other oligomeric antisense compounds, including but not limited to oligonucleotide mimetics such as are described below. The antisense compounds in accordance with this invention preferably comprise from about 8 to about 30 nucleobases. Particularly preferred are antisense oligonucleotides comprising from about 8 to about 30 nucleobases (i.e. from about 8 to about 30 linked nucleosides). As is known in the art, a nucleoside is a base-sugar combination. The base portion of the nucleoside is normally a heterocyclic base. The two most common classes of such heterocyclic bases are the purines and the pyrimidines. Nucleotides are nucleosides that further include a phosphate group covalently linked to the sugar portion of the nucleoside. For those nucleosides that include a pentofuranosyl sugar, the phosphate group can be linked to either the 2′, 3′ or 5′ hydroxyl moiety of the sugar. In forming oligonucleotides, the phosphate groups covalently link adjacent nucleosides to one another to form a linear polymeric compound. In turn the respective ends of this linear polymeric structure can be further joined to form a circular structure, however, open linear structures are generally preferred. Within the oligonucleotide structure, the phosphate groups are commonly referred to as forming the internucleoside backbone of the oligonucleotide. The normal linkage or backbone of RNA and DNA is a 3′ to 5′ phosphodiester linkage.

Specific examples of preferred antisense compounds useful in this invention include oligonucleotides containing modified backbones or non-natural internucleoside linkages. As defined in this specification, oligonucleotides having modified backbones include those that retain a phosphorus atom in the backbone and those that do not have a phosphorus atom in the backbone. For the purposes of this specification, and as sometimes referenced in the art, modified oligonucleotides that do not have a phosphorus atom in their internucleoside backbone can also be considered to be oligonucleosides.

Preferred modified oligonucleotide backbones include, for example, phosphorothioates, chiral phosphorothioates, phosphorodithioates, phosphotriesters, aminoalkylphosphotriesters, methyl and other alkyl phosphonates including 3′-alkylene phosphonates and chiral phosphonates, phosphinates, phosphoramidates including 3′-amino phosphoramidate and aminoalkylphosphoramidates, thionophosphoramidates, thionoalkylphosphonates, thionoalkylphosphotriesters, and boranophosphates having normal 3′-5′ linkages, 2′-5′ linked analogs of these, and those having inverted polarity wherein the adjacent pairs of nucleoside units are linked 3′-5′ to 5′-3′ or 2′-5′ to 5′-2′. Various salts, mixed salts and free acid forms are also included.

Representative United States patents that teach the preparation of the above phosphorus-containing linkages include, but are not limited to, U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,687,808; 4,469,863; 4,476,301; 5,023,243; 5,177,196; 5,188,897; 5,264,423; 5,276,019; 5,278,302; 5,286,717; 5,321,131; 5,399,676; 5,405,939; 5,453,496; 5,455,233; 5,466,677; 5,476,925; 5,519,126; 5,536,821; 5,541,306; 5,550,111; 5,563,253; 5,571,799; 5,587,361; and 5,625,050, each of which is herein incorporated by reference.

Preferred modified oligonucleotide backbones that do not include a phosphorus atom therein have backbones that are formed by short chain alkyl or cycloalkyl internucleoside linkages, mixed heteroatom and alkyl or cycloalkyl internucleoside linkages, or one or more short chain heteroatomic or heterocyclic internucleoside linkages. These include those having morpholino linkages (formed in part from the sugar portion of a nucleoside); siloxane backbones; sulfide, sulfoxide and sulfone backbones; formacetyl and thioformacetyl backbones; methylene formacetyl and thioformacetyl backbones; alkene containing backbones; sulfamate backbones; methyleneimino and methylenehydrazino backbones; sulfonate and sulfonamide backbones; amide backbones; and others having mixed N, O, S and CH₂ component parts.

Representative United States patents that teach the preparation of the above oligonucleosides include, but are not limited to, U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,034,506; 5,166,315; 5,185,444; 5,214,134; 5,216,141; 5,235,033; 5,264,562; 5,264,564; 5,405,938; 5,434,257; 5,466,677; 5,470,967; 5,489,677; 5,541,307; 5,561,225; 5,596,086; 5,602,240; 5,610,289; 5,602,240; 5,608,046; 5,610,289; 5,618,704; 5,623,070; 5,663,312; 5,633,360; 5,677,437; and 5,677,439, each of which is herein incorporated by reference.

In other preferred oligonucleotide mimetics, both the sugar and the internucleoside linkage, i.e., the backbone, of the nucleotide units are replaced with novel groups. The base units are maintained for hybridization with an appropriate nucleic acid target compound. One such oligomeric compound, an oligonucleotide mimetic that has been shown to have excellent hybridization properties, is referred to as a peptide nucleic acid (PNA). In PNA compounds, the sugar-backbone of an oligonucleotide is replaced with an amide containing backbone, in particular an aminoethylglycine backbone. The nucleobases are retained and are bound directly or indirectly to aza nitrogen atoms of the amide portion of the backbone. Representative United States patents that teach the preparation of PNA compounds include, but are not limited to, U.S. Pat. Nos.: 5,539,082; 5,714,331; and 5,719,262, each of which is herein incorporated by reference. Further teaching of PNA compounds can be found in Nielsen et al., (Science, 1991, 254, 1497-1500).

Most preferred embodiments of the invention are oligonucleotides with phosphorothioate backbones and oligonucleosides with heteroatom backbones, and in particular —CH₂—NH—O—CH₂—, —CH₂—N(CH₃)—O—CH₂— [known as a methylene (methylimino) or MMI backbone], —CH₂—O—N(CH₃)—CH₂—, —CH₂—N(CH₃)—N(CH₃)—CH₂— and —O—N(CH₃)—CH₂—CH₂— [wherein the native phosphodiester backbone is represented as —O—P—O—CH₂—] of the above referenced U.S. Pat. No. 5,489,677, and the amide backbones of the above referenced U.S. Pat. No. 5,602,240. Also preferred are oligonucleotides having morpholino backbone structures of the above-referenced U.S. Pat. No. 5,034,506.

Modified oligonucleotides may also contain one or more substituted sugar moieties. Preferred oligonucleotides comprise one of the following at the 2′ position: OH; F; O-, S-, or N-alkyl; O-, S-, or N-alkenyl; O-, S- or N-alkynyl; or O-alkyl-O-alkyl, wherein the alkyl, alkenyl and alkynyl may be substituted or unsubstituted C₁ to C₁₀ alkyl or C₂ to C₁₀ alkenyl and alkynyl. Particularly preferred are O[(CH₂)_(n)O]_(m)CH₃, O(CH₂)_(n)OCH₃, O(CH₂)_(n)NH₂O(CH₂)_(n)CH₃O(CH₂)_(n)ONH₂ and O(CH₂)_(n)ON[(CH₂)_(n)CH₃)]₂, where n and m are from 1 to about 10. Other preferred oligonucleotides comprise one of the following at the 2′ position: C₁ to C₁₀ lower alkyl, substituted lower alkyl, alkaryl, aralkyl, O-alkaryl or O-aralkyl, SH, SCH₃, OCN, Cl, Dr, CN, CF₃, OCF₃, SOCH₃, SO₂CH₃, ONO₂, NO₂, N₃, NH₂, heterocycloalkyl, heterocycloalkaryl, aminoalkylamino, polyalkylamino, substituted silyl, an RNA cleaving group, a reporter group, an intercalator, a group for improving the pharmacokinetic properties of an oligonucleotide, or a group for improving the pharmacodynamic properties of an oligonucleotide, and other substituents having similar properties. A preferred modification includes 2′-methoxyethoxy (2′-O—CH₂CH₂OCH₃, also known as 2′-O-(2-methoxyethyl) or 2′-MOE) (Martin et al., Helv. Chim. Acta, 1995, 78, 486-504) i.e., an alkoxyalkoxy group. A further preferred modification includes 2′-dimethylaminooxyethoxy, i.e., a O(CH₂)₂ON(CH₃)₂ group, also known as 2′-DMAOE, as described in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/016,520, filed on Jan. 30, 1998, which is commonly owned with the instant application and the contents of which are herein incorporated by reference.

Other preferred modifications include 2′-methoxy (2′-O—CH₃), 2′-aminopropoxy (2′-OCH₂CH₂CH₂NH₂) and 2′-fluoro (2′-F). Similar modifications may also be made at other positions on the oligonucleotide, particularly the 3′ position of the sugar on the 3′ terminal nucleotide or in 2′-5′ linked oligonucleotides and the 5′ position of 5′ terminal nucleotide. Oligonucleotides may also have sugar mimetics such as cyclobutyl moieties in place of the pentofuranosyl sugar. Representative United States patents that teach the preparation of such modified sugar structures include, but are not limited to, U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,981,957; 5,118,800; 5,319,080; 5,359,044; 5,393,878; 5,446,137; 5,466,786; 5,514,785; 5,519,134; 5,567,811; 5,576,427; 5,591,722; 5,597,909; 5,610,300; 5,627,0531 5,639,873; 5,646,265; 5,658,873; 5,670,633; and 5,700,920, each of which is herein incorporated by reference and allowed U.S. patent application Ser. No. 08/468,037, filed on Jun. 5, 1995, which is commonly owned with the instant application and is also herein incorporated by reference.

Oligonucleotides may also include nucleobase (often referred to in the art simply as “base”) modifications or substitutions. As used herein, “unmodified” or “natural” nucleobases include the purine bases adenine (A) and guanine (G), and the pyrimidine bases thymine (T), cytosine (C) and uracil (U). Modified nucleobases include other synthetic and natural nucleobases such as 5-methylcytosine (5-me-C), 5-hydroxymethyl cytosine, xanthine, hypoxanthine, 2-aminoadenine, 6-methyl and other alkyl derivatives of adenine and guanine, 2-propyl and other alkyl derivatives of adenine and guanine, 2-thiouracil, 2-thiothymine and 2-thiocytosine, 5-halouracil and cytosine, 5-propynyl uracil and cytosine, 6-azo uracil, cytosine and thymine, 5-uracil (pseudouracil), 4-thiouracil, 8-halo, 8-amino, 8-thiol, 8-thioalkyl, 8-hydroxyl and other 8-substituted adenines and guanines, 5-halo particularly 5-bromo, 5-trifluoromethyl and other 5-substituted uracils and cytosines, 7-methylguanine and 7-methyladenine, 8-azaguanine and 8-azaadenine, 7-deazaguanine and 7-deazaadenine and 3-deazaguanine and 3-deazaadenine. Further nucleobases include those disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 3,687,808, those disclosed in The Concise Encyclopedia Of Polymer Science And Engineering, Kroschwitz, J. I., ed. John Wiley & Sons, 1990, 858-859 those disclosed by Englisch et al., (Angewandte Chemie, IE, 1991, 30, 613), and those disclosed by Sanghvi, Y. S., (Antisense Research and Applications, 15,289-302), and Crooke, S. T. and Lebleu, B., ed., (CRC Press, 1993). Certain of these nucleobases are particularly useful for increasing the binding affinity of the oligomeric compounds of the invention. These include 5-substituted pyrimidines, 6-azapyrimidines and N-2, N-6 and O-6 substituted purines, including 2-aminopropyladenine, 5-propynyluracil and 5-propynylcytosine. 5-methylcytosine substitutions have been shown to increase nucleic acid duplex stability by 0.6-1.2° C. (Sanghvi, Y. S., Crooke, S. T. and Lebleu, B., eds., Antisense Research and Applications 1993, 276-278) and are presently preferred base substitutions, even more particularly when combined with 2′-O-methoxyethyl sugar modifications.

Representative United States patents that teach the preparation of certain of the above noted modified nucleobases as well as other modified nucleobases include, but are not limited to, the above noted U.S. Pat. No. 3,687,808, as well as U.S. Pat. Nos.: 4,845,205; 5,130,302; 5,134,066; 5,175,273; 5,367,066; 5,432,272; 5,457,187; 5,459,255; 5,484,908; 5,502,177; 5,525,711; 5,552,540; 5,587,469; 5,594,121; 5,596,091; 5,614,617; 5,681,941; and 5,750,692, each of which is herein incorporated by reference.

Another modification of the oligonucleotides of the invention involves chemically linking to the oligonucleotide one or more moieties or conjugates which enhance the activity, cellular distribution or cellular uptake of the oligonucleotide. Such moieties include but are not limited to lipid moieties such as a cholesterol moiety (Letsinger et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 1989, 86, 6553-6556), cholic acid (Manoharan et al., Bioorg. Med. Chem. Let., 1994, 4, 1053-1060), a thioether, e.g., hexyl-S-tritylthiol (Manoharan et al., Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci., 1992, 660, 306-309; Manoharan et al., Bioorg. Med. Chem. Let., 1993, 3, 2765-2770), a thiocholesterol (Oberhauser et al., Nucl. Acids Res. 1992, 20, 533-538), an aliphatic chain, e.g., dodecandiol or undecyl residues (Saison-Behmoaras et al., EMBO J., 1991, 10, 1111-1118; Kabanov et al., FEBS Lett., 1990, 59, 327-330; Svinarchuk et al., Biochimie, 1993, 75, 49-54), a phospholipid, e.g., di-hexadecyl-rac-glycerol or triethylammonium 1,2-di-O-hexadecyl-rac-glycero-3-H-phosphonate (Manoharan et al., Tetrahedron Lett., 1995, 36, 3651-3654; Shea et al., Nucl. Acids Res., 1990, 18, 3777-3783), a polyamine or a polyethylene glycol chain (Manoharan et al., Nucleosides & Nucleotides, 1995, 14, 969-973), or adamantane acetic acid (Manoharan et al., Tetrahedron Lett., 1995, 36, 3651-3654), a palmityl moiety (Mishra et al., Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 1995, 1264, 229-237), or an octadecylamine or hexylamino-carbonyl-oxycholesterol moiety (Crooke et al., J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther., 1996, 277, 923-937.

Representative United States patents that teach the preparation of such oligonucleotide conjugates include, but are not limited to, U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,828,979; 4,948,882; 5,218,105; 5,525,465; 5,541,313; 5,545,730; 5,552,538; 5,578,717, 5,580,731; 5,580,731; 5,591,584; 5,109,124; 5,118,802; 5,138,045; 5,414,077; 5,486,603; 5,512,439; 5,578,718; 5,608,046; 4,587,044; 4,605,735; 4,667,025; 4,762,779; 4,789,737; 4,824,941; 4,835,263; 4,876,335; 4,904,582; 4,958,013; 5,082,830; 5,112,963; 5,214,136; 5,082,830; 5,112,963; 5,214,136; 5,245,022; 5,254,469; 5,258,506; 5,262,536; 5,272,250; 5,292,873; 5,317,098; 5,371,241, 5,391,723; 5,416,203; 5,451,463; 5,510,475; 5,512,667; 5,514,785; 5,565,552; 5,567,810; 5,574,142; 5,585,481; 5,587,371; 5,595,726; 5,597,696; 5,599,923; 5,599,928; and 5,688,941, each of which is herein incorporated by reference.

It is not necessary for all positions in a given compound to be uniformly modified, and in fact more than one of the aforementioned modifications may be incorporated in a single compound or even at a single nucleoside within an oligonucleotide. The present invention also includes antisense compounds which are chimeric compounds. “Chimeric” antisense compounds or “chimeras,” in the context of this invention, are antisense compounds, particularly oligonucleotides, which contain two or more chemically distinct regions, each made up of at least one monomer unit, i.e., a nucleotide in the case of an oligonucleotide compound. These oligonucleotides typically contain at least one region wherein the oligonucleotide is modified so as to confer upon the oligonucleotide increased resistance to nuclease degradation, increased cellular uptake, and/or increased binding affinity for the target nucleic acid. An additional region of the oligonucleotide may serve as a substrate for enzymes capable of cleaving RNA:DNA or RNA:RNA hybrids. By way of example, RNase H is a cellular endonuclease which cleaves the RNA strand of an RNA:DNA duplex. Activation of RNase H, therefore, results in cleavage of the RNA target, thereby greatly enhancing the efficiency of oligonucleotide inhibition of gene expression. Consequently, comparable results can often be obtained with shorter oligonucleotides when chimeric oligonucleotides are used, compared to phosphorothioate deoxyoligonucleotides hybridizing to the same target region. Cleavage of the RNA target can be routinely detected by gel electrophoresis and, if necessary, associated nucleic acid hybridization techniques known in the art.

Chimeric antisense compounds of the invention may be formed as composite structures of two or more oligonucleotides, modified oligonucleotides, oligonucleosides and/or oligonucleotide mimetics as described above. Such compounds have also been referred to in the art as hybrids or gapmers. Representative United States patents that teach the preparation of such hybrid structures include, but are not limited to, U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,013,830; 5,149,797; 5,220,007; 5,256,775; 5,366,878; 5,403,711; 5,491,133; 5,565,350; 5,623,065; 5,652,355; 5,652,356; and 5,700,922, each of which is herein incorporated by reference, and allowed U.S. patent application Ser. No. 08/465,880, filed on Jun. 6, 1995, which is commonly owned with the instant application and also herein incorporated by reference.

The antisense compounds used in accordance with this invention may be conveniently and routinely made through the well-known technique of solid phase synthesis. Equipment for such synthesis is sold by several vendors including, for example, Applied Biosystems (Foster City, Calif.). Any other means for such synthesis known in the art may additionally or alternatively be employed. It is well known to use similar techniques to prepare oligonucleotides such as the phosphorothioates and alkylated derivatives.

The antisense compounds of the invention are synthesized in vitro and do not include antisense compositions of biological origin, or genetic vector constructs designed to direct the in vivo synthesis of antisense molecules.

The compounds of the invention may also be admixed, encapsulated, conjugated or otherwise associated with other molecules, molecule structures or mixtures of compounds, as for example, liposomes, receptor targeted molecules, oral, rectal, topical or other formulations, for assisting in uptake, distribution and/or absorption. Representative United States patents that teach the preparation of such uptake, distribution and/or absorption assisting formulations include, but are not limited to, U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,108,921; 5,354,844; 5,416,016; 5,459,127; 5,521,291; 5,543,158; 5,547,932; 5,583,020; 5,591,721; 4,426,330; 4,534,899; 5,013,556; 5,108,921; 5,213,804; 5,227,170; 5,264,221; 5,356,633; 5,395,619; 5,416,016; 5,417,978; 5,462,854; 5,469,854; 5,512,295; 5,527,528; 5,534,259; 5,543,152; 5,556,948; 5,580,575; and 5,595,756, each of which is herein incorporated by reference.

The antisense compounds of the invention encompass any pharmaceutically acceptable salts, esters, or salts of such esters, or any other compound which, upon administration to an animal including a human, is capable of providing (directly or indirectly) the biologically active metabolite or residue thereof. Accordingly, for example, the disclosure is also drawn to prodrugs and pharmaceutically acceptable salts of the compounds of the invention, pharmaceutically acceptable salts of such prodrugs, and other bioequivalents.

The term “prodrug” indicates a therapeutic agent that is prepared in an inactive form that is converted to an active form (i.e., drug) within the body or cells thereof by the action of endogenous enzymes or other chemicals and/or conditions. In particular, prodrug versions of the oligonucleotides of the invention are prepared as SATE [(S-acetyl-2-thioethyl) phosphate] derivatives according to the methods disclosed in WO 93/24510 to Gosselin et al., published Dec. 9, 1993 or in WO 94/26764 to Imbach et al.

The term “pharmaceutically acceptable salts” refers to physiologically and pharmaceutically acceptable salts of the compounds of the invention: i.e., salts that retain the desired biological activity of the parent compound and do not impart undesired toxicological effects thereto.

Pharmaceutically acceptable base addition salts are formed with metals or amines, such as alkali and alkaline earth metals or organic amines. Examples of metals used as cations are sodium, potassium, magnesium, calcium, and the like. Examples of suitable amines are N,N′-dibenzylethylenediamine, chloroprocaine, choline, diethanolamine, dicyclohexylamine, ethylenediamine, N-methylglucamine, and procaine (see, for example, Berge et al. J. of Pharma Sci., 1977, 66, 1-19). The base addition salts of said acidic compounds are prepared by contacting the free acid form with a sufficient amount of the desired base to produce the salt in the conventional manner. The free acid form may be regenerated by contacting the salt form with an acid and isolating the free acid in the conventional manner. The free acid forms differ from their respective salt forms somewhat in certain physical properties such as solubility in polar solvents, but otherwise the salts are equivalent to their respective free acid for purposes of the present invention. As used herein, a “pharmaceutical addition salt” includes a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of an acid form of one of the components of the compositions of the invention. These include organic or inorganic acid salts of the amines. Preferred acid salts are the hydrochlorides, acetates, salicylates, nitrates and phosphates. Other suitable pharmaceutically acceptable salts are well known to those skilled in the art and include basic salts of a variety of inorganic and organic acids, such as, for example, with inorganic acids, such as for example hydrochloric acid, hydrobromic acid, sulfuric acid or phosphoric acid; with organic carboxylic, sulfonic, sulfo or phospho acids or N-substituted sulfamic acids, for example acetic acid, propionic acid, glycolic acid, succinic acid, maleic acid, hydroxymaleic acid, methylmaleic acid, fumaric acid, malic acid, tartaric acid, lactic acid, oxalic acid, gluconic acid, glucaric acid, glucuronic acid, citric acid, benzoic acid, cinnamic acid, mandelic acid, salicylic acid, 4-aminosalicylic acid, 2-phenoxybenzoic acid, 2-acetoxybenzoic acid, embonic acid, nicotinic acid or isonicotinic acid; and with amino acids, such as the 20 alpha-amino acids involved in the synthesis of proteins in nature, for example glutamic acid or aspartic acid, and also with phenylacetic acid, methanesulfonic acid, ethanesulfonic acid, 2-hydroxyethanesulfonic acid, ethane-1,2-disulfonic acid, benzenesulfonic acid, 4-methylbenzenesulfoic acid, naphthalene-2-sulfonic acid, naphthalene-1,5-disulfonic acid, 2- or 3-phosphoglycerate, glucose-6-phosphate, N-cyclohexylsulfamic acid (with the formation of cyclamates), or with other acid organic compounds, such as ascorbic acid. Pharmaceutically acceptable salts of compounds may also be prepared with a pharmaceutically acceptable cation. Suitable pharmaceutically acceptable cations are well known to those skilled in the art and include alkaline, alkaline earth, ammonium and quaternary ammonium cations. Carbonates or hydrogen carbonates are also possible.

For oligonucleotides, preferred examples of pharmaceutically acceptable salts include but are not limited to (a) salts formed with cations such as sodium, potassium, ammonium, magnesium, calcium, polyamines such as spermine and spermidine, etc.; (b) acid addition salts formed with inorganic acids, for example hydrochloric acid, hydrobromic acid, sulfuric acid, phosphoric acid, nitric acid and the like; (c) salts formed with organic acids such as, for example, acetic acid, oxalic acid, tartaric acid, succinic acid, maleic acid, fumaric acid, gluconic acid, citric acid, malic acid, ascorbic acid, benzoic acid, tannic acid, palmitic acid, alginic acid, polyglutamic acid, naphthalenesulfonic acid, methanesulfonic acid, p-toluenesulfonic acid, naphthalenedisulfonic acid, polygalacturonic acid, and the like; and (d) salts formed from elemental anions such as chlorine, bromine, and iodine.

The antisense compounds of the present invention can be utilized for diagnostics, therapeutics, prophylaxis and as research reagents and kits. For therapeutics, an animal, preferably a human, suspected of having a disease or disorder which can be treated by modulating the expression of integrin α4 is treated by administering antisense compounds in accordance with this invention. The compounds of the invention can be utilized in pharmaceutical compositions by adding an effective amount of an antisense compound to a suitable pharmaceutically acceptable diluent or carrier. Use of the antisense compounds and methods of the invention may also be useful prophylactically, e.g., to prevent or delay infection, inflammation or tumor formation, for example.

The antisense compounds of the invention are useful for research and diagnostics, because these compounds hybridize to nucleic acids encoding integrin α4, enabling sandwich and other assays to easily be constructed to exploit this fact. Hybridization of the antisense oligonucleotides of the invention with a nucleic acid encoding integrin α4 can be detected by means known in the art. Such means may include conjugation of an enzyme to the oligonucleotide, radiolabelling of the oligonucleotide or any other suitable detection means. Kits using such detection means for detecting the level of integrin α4 in a sample may also be prepared.

The present invention also includes pharmaceutical compositions and formulations which include the antisense compounds of the invention. The pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention may be administered in a number of ways depending upon whether local or systemic treatment is desired and upon the area to be treated. Administration may be topical (including ophthalmic and to mucous membranes including vaginal and rectal delivery), pulmonary, e.g., by inhalation or insufflation of powders or aerosols, including by nebulizer; intratracheal, intranasal, epidermal and transdermal), oral or parenteral. Parenteral administration includes intravenous, intraarterial, subcutaneous, intraperitoneal or intramuscular injection or infusion; or intracranial, e.g., intrathecal or intraventricular, administration. Oligonucleotides with at least one 2′-O-methoxyethyl modification are believed to be particularly useful for oral administration.

Pharmaceutical compositions and formulations for topical administration may include transdermal patches, ointments, lotions, creams, gels, drops, suppositories, sprays, liquids and powders. Conventional pharmaceutical carriers, aqueous, powder or oily bases, thickeners and the like may be necessary or desirable. Coated condoms, gloves and the like may also be useful.

Compositions and formulations for oral administration include powders or granules, suspensions or solutions in water or non-aqueous media, capsules, sachets or tablets. Thickeners, flavoring agents, diluents, emulsifiers, dispersing aids or binders may be desirable.

Compositions and formulations for parenteral, intrathecal or intraventricular administration may include sterile aqueous solutions which may also contain buffers, diluents and other suitable additives such as, but not limited to, penetration enhancers, carrier compounds and other pharmaceutically acceptable carriers or excipients.

Pharmaceutical compositions and/or formulations comprising the oligonucleotides of the present invention may also include penetration enhancers in order to enhance the alimentary delivery of the oligonucleotides. Penetration enhancers may be classified as belonging to one of five broad categories, i.e., fatty acids, bile salts, chelating agents, surfactants and non-surfactants (Lee et al., Critical Reviews in Therapeutic Drug Carrier Systems, 1991, 8, 91-192; Muranishi, Critical Reviews in Therapeutic Drug Carrier Systems, 1990, 7, 1-33). One or more penetration enhancers from one or more of these broad categories may be included. Penetration enhancers are described in pending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 08/886,829, filed on Jul. 1, 1997, and pending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 08/961,469, filed on Oct. 31, 1997, both of which are commonly owned with the instant application and both of which are herein incorporated by reference.

Various fatty acids and their derivatives which act as penetration enhancers include, for example, oleic acid, lauric acid, capric acid, myristic acid, palmitic acid, stearic acid, linoleic acid, linolenic acid, dicaprate, tricaprate, recinleate, monoolein (a.k.a. 1-monooleoyl-rac-glycerol), dilaurin, caprylic acid, arichidonic acid, glyceryl 1-monocaprate, 1-dodecylazacycloheptan-2-one, acylcarnitines, acylcholines, mono- and di-glycerides and physiologically acceptable salts thereof (i.e., oleate, laurate, caprate, myristate, palmitate, stearate, linoleate, etc.) (Lee et al., Critical Reviews in Therapeutic Drug Carrier Systems, 1991, 8, 91-192; Muranishi, Critical Reviews in Therapeutic Drug Carrier Systems, 1990, 7, 1-33; El-Hariri et al., J. Pharm. Pharmacol., 1992, 44, 651-654). Examples of some presently preferred fatty acids are sodium caprate and sodium laurate, used singly or in combination at concentrations of 0.5 to 5%.

Preferred penetration enhancers are disclosed in pending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 08/886,829, filed on Jul. 1, 1997, which is commonly owned with the instant application and which is herein incorporated by reference.

The physiological roles of bile include the facilitation of dispersion and absorption of lipids and fat-soluble vitamins (Brunton, Chapter 38 In: Goodman & Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 9th Ed., Hardman et al., eds., McGraw-Hill, New York, N.Y. 1996, pages 934-935). Various natural bile salts, and their synthetic derivatives, act as penetration enhancers. Thus, the term “bile salt” includes any of the naturally occurring components of bile as well as any of their synthetic derivatives. Preferred bile salts are described in pending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 08/886,829, filed on Jul. 1, 1997, which is commonly owned with the instant application and which is herein incorporated by reference. A presently preferred bile salt is chenodeoxycholic acid (CDCA) (Sigma Chemical Company, St. Louis, Mo.), generally used at concentrations of 0.5 to 2%.

Complex formulations comprising one or more penetration enhancers may be used. For example, bile salts may be used in combination with fatty acids to make complex formulations. Preferred combinations include CDCA combined with sodium caprate or sodium laurate (generally 0.5 to 5%).

Chelating agents include, but are not limited to, disodium ethylenediaminetetraacetate (EDTA), citric acid, salicylates (e.g., sodium salicylate, 5-methoxysalicylate and homovanilate), N-acyl derivatives of collagen, laureth-9 and N-amino acyl derivatives of beta-diketones (enamines)(Lee et al., Critical Reviews in Therapeutic Drug Carrier Systems, 1991, 8, 92-192; Muranishi, Critical Reviews in Therapeutic Drug Carrier Systems, 1990, 7, 1-33; Buur et al., J. Control Rel., 1990, 14, 43-51). Chelating agents have the added advantage of also serving as DNase inhibitors.

Surfactants include, for example, sodium lauryl sulfate, polyoxyethylene-9-lauryl ether and polyoxyethylene-20-cetyl ether (Lee et al., Critical Reviews in Therapeutic Drug Carrier Systems, 1991, 8, 92-191); and perfluorochemical emulsions, such as FC-43 (Takahashi et al., J. Pharm. Pharmacol., 1988, 40, 252-257).

Non-surfactants include, for example, unsaturated cyclic ureas, 1-alkyl- and 1-alkenylazacyclo-alkanone derivatives (Lee et al., Critical Reviews in Therapeutic Drug Carrier Systems, 1991, 8, 92-191); and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agents such as diclofenac sodium, indomethacin and phenylbutazone (Yamashita et al., J. Pharm. Pharmacol., 1987, 39, 621-626).

As used herein, “carrier compound” refers to a nucleic acid, or analog thereof, which is inert (i.e., does not possess biological activity per se) but is recognized as a nucleic acid by in vivo processes that reduce the bioavailability of a nucleic acid having biological activity by, for example, degrading the biologically active nucleic acid or promoting its removal from circulation. The coadministration of a nucleic acid and a carrier compound, typically with an excess of the latter substance, can result in a substantial reduction of the amount of nucleic acid recovered in the liver, kidney or other extracirculatory reservoirs, presumably due to competition between the carrier compound and the nucleic acid for a common receptor. For example, the recovery of a partially phosphorothioated oligonucleotide in hepatic tissue is reduced when it is coadministered with polyinosinic acid, dextran sulfate, polycytidic acid or 4-acetamido-4′-isothiocyano-stilbene-2,2′-disulfonic acid (Miyao et al., Antisense Res. Dev., 1995, 5, 115-121; Takakura et al., Antisense & Nucl. Acid Drug Dev., 1996, 6, 177-183).

In contrast to a carrier compound, a “pharmaceutically acceptable carrier” (excipient) is a pharmaceutically acceptable solvent, suspending agent or any other pharmacologically inert vehicle for delivering one or more nucleic acids to an animal. The pharmaceutically acceptable carrier may be liquid or solid and is selected with the planned manner of administration in mind so as to provide for the desired bulk, consistency, etc., when combined with a nucleic acid and the other components of a given pharmaceutical composition. Typical pharmaceutically acceptable carriers include, but are not limited to, binding agents (e.g., pregelatinized maize starch, polyvinylpyrrolidone or hydroxypropyl methylcellulose, etc.); fillers (e.g., lactose and other sugars, microcrystalline cellulose, pectin, gelatin, calcium sulfate, ethyl cellulose, polyacrylates or calcium hydrogen phosphate, etc.); lubricants (e.g., magnesium stearate, talc, silica, colloidal silicon dioxide, stearic acid, metallic stearates, hydrogenated vegetable oils, corn starch, polyethylene glycols, sodium benzoate, sodium acetate, etc.); disintegrates (e.g., starch, sodium starch glycolate, etc.); or wetting agents (e.g., sodium lauryl sulphate, etc.). Sustained release oral delivery systems and/or enteric coatings for orally administered dosage forms are described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,704,295; 4,556,552; 4,309,406; and 4,309,404.

The compositions of the present invention may additionally contain other adjunct components conventionally found in pharmaceutical compositions, at their art-established usage levels. Thus, for example, the compositions may contain additional compatible pharmaceutically-active materials such as, e.g., antipruritics, astringents, local anesthetics or anti-inflammatory agents, or may contain additional materials useful in physically formulating various dosage forms of the composition of present invention, such as dyes, flavoring agents, preservatives, antioxidants, opacifiers, thickening agents and stabilizers. However, such materials, when added, should not unduly interfere with the biological activities of the components of the compositions of the invention.

Regardless of the method by which the antisense compounds of the invention are introduced into a patient, colloidal dispersion systems may be used as delivery vehicles to enhance the in vivo stability of the compounds and/or to target the compounds to a particular organ, tissue or cell type. Colloidal dispersion systems include, but are not limited to, macromolecule complexes, nanocapsules, microspheres, beads and lipid-based systems including oil-in-water emulsions, micelles, mixed micelles, liposomes and lipid:oligonucleotide complexes of uncharacterized structure. A preferred colloidal dispersion system is a plurality of liposomes. Liposomes are microscopic spheres having an aqueous core surrounded by one or more outer layer(s) made up of lipids arranged in a bilayer configuration (see, generally, Chonn et al., Current Op. Biotech., 1995, 6, 698-708).

Liposome preparation is described in pending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 08/961,469, filed on Oct. 31, 1997, which is commonly owned with the instant application and which is herein incorporated by reference.

Certain embodiments of the invention provide for liposomes and other compositions containing (a) one or more antisense compounds and (b) one or more other chemotherapeutic agents which function by a non-antisense mechanism. Examples of such chemotherapeutic agents include, but are not limited to, anticancer drugs such as daunorubicin, dactinomycin, doxorubicin, bleomycin, mitomycin, nitrogen mustard, chlorambucil, melphalan, cyclophosphamide, 6-mercaptopurine, 6-thioguanine, cytarabine (CA), 5-fluorouracil (5-FU), floxuridine (5-FUdR), methotrexate (MTX), colchicine, vincristine, vinblastine, etoposide, teniposide, cisplatin and diethylstilbestrol (DES). See, generally, The Merck Manual of Diagnosis and Therapy, 1987, Berkow et al., eds., Rahway, N.J., 1206-1228. Anti-inflammatory drugs, including but not limited to nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and corticosteroids, and antiviral drugs, including but not limited to ribivirin, vidarabine, acyclovir and ganciclovir, may also be combined in compositions of the invention. See, generally, The Merck Manual of Diagnosis and Therapy, 1987, Berkow et al., eds., Rahway, N.J., pages 2499-2506 and 46-49, respectively). Other non-antisense chemotherapeutic agents are also within the scope of this invention. Two or more combined compounds may be used together or sequentially.

In another related embodiment, compositions of the invention may contain one or more antisense compounds, particularly oligonucleotides, targeted to a first nucleic acid and one or more additional antisense compounds targeted to a second nucleic acid target. Two or more combined compounds may be used together or sequentially.

The formulation of therapeutic compositions and their subsequent administration is believed to be within the skill of those in the art. Dosing is dependent on severity and responsiveness of the disease state to be treated, with the course of treatment lasting from several days to several months, or until a cure is effected or a diminution of the disease state is achieved. Optimal dosing schedules can be calculated from measurements of drug accumulation in the body of the patient. Persons of ordinary skill can easily determine optimum dosages, dosing methodologies and repetition rates. Optimum dosages may vary depending on the relative potency of individual oligonucleotides, and can generally be estimated based on EC₅₀s found to be effective in in vitro and in vivo animal models. In general, dosage is from 0.01 ug to 100 g per kg of body weight, and may be given once or more daily, weekly, monthly or yearly, or even once every 2 to 20 years. Persons of ordinary skill in the art can easily estimate repetition rates for dosing based on measured residence times and concentrations of the drug in bodily fluids or tissues. Following successful treatment, it may be desirable to have the patient undergo maintenance therapy to prevent the recurrence of the disease state, wherein the oligonucleotide is administered in maintenance doses, ranging from 0.01 ug to 100 g per kg of body weight, once or more daily, to once every 20 years.

While the present invention has been described with specificity in accordance with certain of its preferred embodiments, the following examples serve only to illustrate the invention and are not intended to limit the same.

EXAMPLES Example 1 Nucleoside Phosphoramidites for Oligonucleotide Synthesis Deoxy and 2′-alkoxy Amidites

2′-Deoxy and 2′-methoxy beta-cyanoethyldiisopropyl phosphoramidites are purchased from commercial sources (e.g. Chemgenes, Needham Mass. or Glen Research, Inc. Sterling Va.). Other 2′-O-alkoxy substituted nucleoside amidites are prepared as described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,506,351, herein incorporated by reference. For oligonucleotides synthesized using 2′-alkoxy amidites, the standard cycle for unmodified oligonucleotides is utilized, except the wait step after pulse delivery of tetrazole and base is increased to 360 seconds.

Oligonucleotides containing 5-methyl-2′-deoxycytidine (5-Me-C) nucleotides are synthesized according to published methods (Sanghvi, et. al., Nucleic Acids Research, 1993, 21, 3197-3203) using commercially available phosphoramidites (Glen Research, Sterling, Va. or ChemGenes, Needham, Mass.).

2′-Fluoro Amidites

2′-Fluorodeoxyadenosine Amidites

2′-fluoro oligonucleotides are synthesized as described previously (Kawasaki, et. al., J. Med. Chem., 1993, 36, 831-841) and U.S. Pat. No. 5,670,633, herein incorporated by reference. Briefly, the protected nucleoside N6-benzoyl-2′ deoxy-2′-fluoroadenosine is synthesized utilizing commercially available 9-beta-D-arabinofuranosyladenine as starting material and by modifying literature procedures whereby the 2′-alpha-fluoro atom is introduced by a S_(N)2-displacement of a 2′-beta-trityl group. Thus N6-benzoyl-9-beta-D-arabinofuranosyladenine is selectively protected in moderate yield as the 3′,5′-ditetrahydropyranyl (THP) intermediate. Deprotection of the THP and N6-benzoyl groups is accomplished using standard methodologies and standard methods are used to obtain the 5′-dimethoxytrityl-(DMT) and 5′-DMT-3′-phosphoramidite intermediates.

2′-Fluorodeoxyguanosine

The synthesis of 2′-deoxy-2′-fluoroguanosine is accomplished using tetraisopropyldisiloxanyl (TPDS) protected 9-beta-D-arabinofuranosylguanine as starting material, and conversion to the intermediate diisobutyryl-arabinofuranosylguanosine. Deprotection of the TPDS group is followed by protection of the hydroxyl group with THP to give diisobutyryl di-THP protected arabinofuranosylguanine. Selective O-deacylation and triflation is followed by treatment of the crude product with fluoride, then deprotection of the THP groups. Standard methodologies are used to obtain the 5′-DMT- and 5′-DMT-3′-phosphoramidites.

2′-Fluorouridine

Synthesis of 2′-deoxy-2′-fluorouridine is accomplished by the modification of a literature procedure in which 2,2′-anhydro-1-beta-D-arabinofuranosyluracil is treated with 70% hydrogen fluoride-pyridine. Standard procedures are used to obtain the 5′-DMT and 5′-DMT-3′phosphoramidites.

2′-Fluorodeoxycytidine

2′-deoxy-2′-fluorocytidine is synthesized via amination of 2′-deoxy-2′-fluorouridine, followed by selective protection to give N4-benzoyl-2′-deoxy-2′-fluorocytidine. Standard procedures are used to obtain the 5′-DMT and 5′-DMT-3′phosphoramidites.

2′-O-(2-Methoxyethyl) Modified Amidites

2′-O-Methoxyethyl-substituted nucleoside amidites were prepared as follows, or alternatively, as per the methods of Martin, P., (Helvetica Chimica Acta, 1995, 78, 486-504).

2,2′-Anhydro[1-(beta-D-arabinofuranosyl)-5-methyluridine]

5-Methyluridine (ribosylthymine, commercially available through Yamasa, Choshi, Japan) (72.0 g, 0.279 M), diphenylcarbonate (90.0 g, 0.420 M) and sodium bicarbonate (2.0 g, 0.024 M) were added to DMF (300 mL). The mixture was heated to reflux, with stirring, allowing the evolved carbon dioxide gas to be released in a controlled manner. After 1 hour, the slightly darkened solution was concentrated under reduced pressure. The resulting syrup was poured into diethylether (2.5 L), with stirring. The product formed a gum. The ether was decanted and the residue was dissolved in a minimum amount of methanol (ca. 400 mL). The solution was poured into fresh ether (2.5 L) to yield a stiff gum. The ether was decanted and the gum was dried in a vacuum oven (60° C. at 1 mm Hg for 24 h) to give a solid that was crushed to a light tan powder (57 g, 85% crude yield). The NMR spectrum was consistent with the structure, contaminated with phenol as its sodium salt (ca. 5%). The material was used as is for further reactions (or it can be purified further by column chromatography using a gradient of methanol in ethyl acetate (10-25%) to give a white solid, mp 222-4° C.).

2′-O-Methoxyethyl-5-methyluridine

2,2′-Anhydro-5-methyluridine (195 g, 0.81 M), tris(2-methoxyethyl)borate (231 g, 0.98 M) and 2-methoxyethanol (1.2 L) were added to a 2 L stainless steel pressure vessel and placed in a pre-heated oil bath at 160° C. After heating for 48 hours at 155-160° C., the vessel was opened and the solution evaporated to dryness and triturated with MeOH (200 mL). The residue was suspended in hot acetone (1 L). The insoluble salts were filtered, washed with acetone (150 mL) and the filtrate evaporated. The residue (280 g) was dissolved in CH₃CN (600 mL) and evaporated. A silica gel column (3 kg) was packed in CH₂Cl₂/Acetone/MeOH (20:5:3) containing 0.5% Et₃NH. The residue was dissolved in CH₂Cl₂ (250 mL) and adsorbed onto silica (150 g) prior to loading onto the column. The product was eluted with the packing solvent to give 160 g (63%) of product. Additional material was obtained by reworking impure fractions.

2′-O-Methoxyethyl-5′-O-dimethoxytrityl-5-methyluridine

2′-O-Methoxyethyl-5-methyluridine (160 g, 0.506 M) was co-evaporated with pyridine (250 mL) and the dried residue dissolved in pyridine (1.3 L). A first aliquot of dimethoxytrityl chloride (94.3 g, 0.278 M) was added and the mixture stirred at room temperature for one hour. A second aliquot of dimethoxytrityl chloride (94.3 g, 0.278 M) was added and the reaction stirred for an additional one hour. Methanol (170 mL) was then added to stop the reaction. HPLC showed the presence of approximately 70% product. The solvent was evaporated and triturated with CH₃CN (200 mL). The residue was dissolved in CHCl₃ (1.5 L) and extracted with 2×500 mL of saturated NaHCO₃ and 2×500 mL of saturated NaCl. The organic phase was dried over Na₂SO₄ filtered and evaporated. 275 g of residue was obtained. The residue was purified on a 3.5 kg silica gel column, packed and eluted with EtOAc/Hexane/Acetone (5:5:1) containing 0.5% Et₃NH. The pure fractions were evaporated to give 164 g of product. Approximately 20 g additional was obtained from the impure fractions to give a total yield of 183 g (57%).

3′-O-Acetyl-2′-O-methoxyethyl-5′-O-dimethoxytrityl-5-methyluridine

2′-O-Methoxyethyl-5′-O-dimethoxytrityl-5-methyluridine (106 g, 0.167 M), DMF/pyridine (750 mL of a 3:1 mixture prepared from 562 mL of DMF and 188 mL of pyridine) and acetic anhydride (24.38 mL, 0.258 M) were combined and stirred at room temperature for 24 hours. The reaction was monitored by tlc by first quenching the tic sample with the addition of MeOH. Upon completion of the reaction, as judged by tlc, MeOH (50 mL) was added and the mixture evaporated at 35° C. The residue was dissolved in CHCl₃ (800 mL) and extracted with 2×200 mL of saturated sodium bicarbonate and 2×200 mL of saturated NaCl. The water layers were back extracted with 200 mL of CHCl₃. The combined organics were dried with sodium sulfate and evaporated to give 122 g of residue (approx. 90% product). The residue was purified on a 3.5 kg silica gel column and eluted using EtOAc/Hexane(4:1). Pure product fractions were evaporated to yield 96 g (84%). An additional 1.5 g was recovered from later fractions.

3′-O-Acetyl-2′-O-methoxyethyl-5′-O-dimethoxytrityl-5-methyl-4-triazoleuridine

A first solution was prepared by dissolving 3′-O-acetyl-2′-O-methoxyethyl-5′-O-dimethoxytrityl-5-methyluridine (96 g, 0.144 M) in CH₃CN (700 mL) and set aside. Triethylamine (189 mL, 1.44 M) was added to a solution of triazole (90 g, 1.3 M) in CH₃CN (1 L), cooled to −5° C. and stirred for 0.5 h using an overhead stirrer. POCl₃ was added dropwise, over a 30 minute period, to the stirred solution maintained at 0-10° C., and the resulting mixture stirred for an additional 2 hours. The first solution was added dropwise, over a 45 minute period, to the latter solution. The resulting reaction mixture was stored overnight in a cold room. Salts were filtered from the reaction mixture and the solution was evaporated. The residue was dissolved in EtOAc (1 L) and the insoluble solids were removed by filtration. The filtrate was washed with 1×300 mL of NaHCO₃ and 2×300 mL of saturated NaCl, dried over sodium sulfate and evaporated. The residue was triturated with EtOAc to give the title compound.

2′-O-Methoxyethyl-5′-O-dimethoxytrityl-5-methylcytidine

A solution of 3′-O-acetyl-2′-O-methoxyethyl-5′-O-dimethoxytrityl-5-methyl-4-triazoleuridine (103 g, 0.141 M) in dioxane (500 mL) and NH₄OH (30 mL) was stirred at room temperature for 2 hours. The dioxane solution was evaporated and the residue azeotroped with MeOH (2×200 mL). The residue was dissolved in MeOH (300 mL) and transferred to a 2 liter stainless steel pressure vessel. MeOH (400 mL) saturated with NH₃ gas was added and the vessel heated to 100° C. for 2 hours (tlc showed complete conversion). The vessel contents were evaporated to dryness and the residue was dissolved in EtOAc (500 mL) and washed once with saturated NaCl (200 mL). The organics were dried over sodium sulfate and the solvent was evaporated to give 85 g (95%) of the title compound.

N4-Benzoyl-2′-O-methoxyethyl-5′-O-dimethoxytrityl-5-methylcytidine

2′-O-Methoxyethyl-5′-O-dimethoxytrityl-5-methylcytidine (85 g, 0.134 M) was dissolved in DMF (800 mL) and benzoic anhydride (37.2 g, 0.165 M) was added with stirring. After stirring for 3 hours, tlc showed the reaction to be approximately 95% complete. The solvent was evaporated and the residue azeotroped with MeOH (200 mL). The residue was dissolved in CHCl₃ (700 mL) and extracted with saturated NaHCO₃ (2×300 mL) and saturated NaCl (2×300 mL), dried over MgSO₄ and evaporated to give a residue (96 g). The residue was chromatographed on a 1.5 kg silica column using EtOAc/Hexane (1:1) containing 0.5% Et₃NH as the eluting solvent. The pure product fractions were evaporated to give 90 g (90%) of the title compound.

N4-Benzoyl-2′-O-methoxyethyl-5′-O-dimethoxytrityl-5-methylcytidine-3′-amidite

N4-Benzoyl-2′-O-methoxyethyl-5′-O-dimethoxytrityl-5-methylcytidine (74 g, 0.10 M) was dissolved in CH₂Cl₂ (1 L) Tetrazole diisopropylamine (7.1 g) and 2-cyanoethoxy-tetra-(isopropyl)phosphite (40.5 mL, 0.123 M) were added with stirring, under a nitrogen atmosphere. The resulting mixture was stirred for 20 hours at room temperature (tlc showed the reaction to be 95% complete). The reaction mixture was extracted with saturated NaHCO₃ (1×300 mL) and saturated NaCl (3×300 mL). The aqueous washes were back-extracted with CH₂Cl₂ (300 mL), and the extracts were combined, dried over MgSO₄ and concentrated. The residue obtained was chromatographed on a 1.5 kg silica column using EtOAc/Hexane (3:1) as the eluting solvent. The pure fractions were combined to give 90.6 g (87%) of the title compound.

2′-(Aminooxyethyl) Nucleoside Amidites and 2′-(dimethylaminooxyethyl) Nucleoside Amidites

Aminooxyethyl and dimethylaminooxyethyl amidites are prepared as per the methods of U.S. patent applications Ser. No. 10/037,143, filed Feb. 14, 1998, and Ser. No. 09/016,520, filed Jan. 30, 1998, each of which is commonly owned with the instant application and is herein incorporated by reference.

Example 2 Oligonucleotide Synthesis

Unsubstituted and substituted phosphodiester (P═O) oligonucleotides were synthesized on an automated DNA synthesizer (Applied Biosystems model 380B) using standard phosphoramidite chemistry with oxidation by iodine.

Phosphorothioates (P═S) were synthesized as for the phosphodiester oligonucleotides except the standard oxidation bottle was replaced by 0.2 M solution of 3H-1,2-benzodithiole-3-one 1,1-dioxide in acetonitrile for the stepwise thiation of the phosphite linkages. The thiation wait step was increased to 68 sec and was followed by the capping step. After cleavage from the CPG column and deblocking in concentrated ammonium hydroxide at 55° C. (18 hr), the oligonucleotides were purified by precipitating twice with 2.5 volumes of ethanol from a 0.5 M NaCl solution.

Phosphinate oligonucleotides are prepared as described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,508,270, herein incorporated by reference.

Alkyl phosphonate oligonucleotides are prepared as described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,469,863, herein incorporated by reference.

3′-Deoxy-3′-methylene phosphonate oligonucleotides are prepared as described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,610,289 or 5,625,050, herein incorporated by reference.

Phosphoramidite oligonucleotides are prepared as described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,256,775 or U.S. Pat. No. 5,366,878, herein incorporated by reference.

Alkylphosphonothioate oligonucleotides are prepared as described in published PCT applications PCT/US94/00902 and PCT/US93/06976 (published as wo 94/17093 and WO 94/02499, respectively), herein incorporated by reference.

3′-Deoxy-3′-amino phosphoramidate oligonucleotides are prepared as described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,476,925, herein incorporated by reference.

Phosphotriester oligonucleotides are prepared as described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,023,243, herein incorporated by reference.

Borano phosphate oligonucleotides are prepared as described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,130,302 and 5,177,198, both herein incorporated by reference.

Example 3 Oligonucleoside Synthesis

Methylenemethylimino linked oligonucleosides, also identified as MMI linked oligonucleosides, methylenedimethylhydrazo linked oligonucleosides, also identified as MDH linked oligonucleosides, and methylenecarbonylamino linked oligonucleosides, also identified as amide-3 linked oligonucleosides, and methyleneaminocarbonyl linked oligonucleosides, also identified as amide-4 linked oligonucleosides, as well as mixed backbone compounds having, for instance, alternating MMI and P═O or P═S linkages are prepared as described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,378,825, 5,386,023, 5,489,677, 5,602,240 and 5,610,289, all of which are herein incorporated by reference.

Formacetal and thioformacetal linked oligonucleosides are prepared as described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,264,562 and 5,264,564, herein incorporated by reference.

Ethylene oxide linked oligonucleosides are prepared as described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,223,618, herein incorporated by reference.

Example 4 PNA Synthesis

Peptide nucleic acids (PNAs) are prepared in accordance with any of the various procedures referred to in Peptide Nucleic Acids (PNA): Synthesis, Properties and Potential Applications, Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry, 1996, 4, 5-23. They may also be prepared in accordance with U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,539,082, 5,700,922, and 5,719,262, herein incorporated by reference.

Example 5 Synthesis of Chimeric Oligonucleotides

Chimeric oligonucleotides, oligonucleosides or mixed oligonucleotides/oligonucleosides of the invention can be of several different types. These include a first type wherein the “gap” segment of linked nucleosides is positioned between 5′ and 3′ “wing” segments of linked nucleosides and a second “open end” type wherein the “gap” segment is located at either the 3′ or the 5′ terminus of the oligomeric compound. Oligonucleotides of the first type are also known in the art as “gapmers” or gapped oligonucleotides. oligonucleotides of the second type are also known in the art as “hemimers” or “wingmers”.

[2′-O-Me]-[2′-deoxy]-[2′-O-Me] Chimeric Phosphorothioate Oligonucleotides

Chimeric oligonucleotides having 2′-O-alkyl phosphorothioate and 2′-deoxy phosphorothioate oligonucleotide segments are synthesized using an Applied Biosystems automated DNA synthesizer Model 380B, as above. oligonucleotides are synthesized using the automated synthesizer and 2′-deoxy-5′-dimethoxytrityl-3′-O-phosphoramidite for the DNA portion and 5′-dimethoxytrityl-2′-O-methyl-3′-O-phosphoramidite for 5′ and 3′ wings. The standard synthesis cycle is modified by increasing the wait step after the delivery of tetrazole and base to 600 s repeated four times for RNA and twice for 2′-O-methyl. The fully protected oligonucleotide is cleaved from the support and the phosphate group is deprotected in 3:1 Ammonia/Ethanol at room temperature overnight then lyophilized to dryness. Treatment in methanolic ammonia for 24 hrs at room temperature is then done to deprotect all bases and sample was again lyophilized to dryness. The pellet is resuspended in 1M TBAF in THF for 24 hrs at room temperature to deprotect the 2′ positions. The reaction is then quenched with 1M TEAA and the sample is then reduced to ½ volume by rotovac before being desalted on a G25 size exclusion column. The oligo recovered is then analyzed spectrophotometrically for yield and for purity by capillary electrophoresis and by mass spectrometry.

[2′-O-(2-Methoxyethyl)]-[2′-deoxy]-[2′-O-(Methoxyethyl)] Chimeric Phosphorothioate Oligonucleotides

[2′-O-(2-methoxyethyl)]-[2′-deoxy]-[2′-O-(methoxyethyl)] chimeric phosphorothioate oligonucleotides were prepared as per the procedure above for the 2′-O-methyl chimeric oligonucleotide, with the substitution of 2′-O-(methoxyethyl) amidites for the 2′-O-methyl amidites.

[2′-O-(2-Methoxyethyl)Phosphodiester]-[2′-deoxy Phosphorothioate]-[2′-O-(2-Methoxyethyl) Phosphodiester] Chimeric Oligonucleotides

[2′-O-(2-methoxyethyl phosphodiester]-[2′-deoxy phosphorothioate]-[2′-O-(methoxyethyl) phosphodiester] chimeric oligonucleotides are prepared as per the above procedure for the 2′-O-methyl chimeric oligonucleotide with the substitution of 2′-O-(methoxyethyl) amidites for the 2′-O-methyl amidites, oxidization with iodine to generate the phosphodiester internucleotide linkages within the wing portions of the chimeric structures and sulfurization utilizing 3, H-1,2 benzodithiole-3-one 1,1 dioxide (Beaucage Reagent) to generate the phosphorothioate internucleotide linkages for the center gap.

Other chimeric oligonucleotides, chimeric oligonucleosides and mixed chimeric oligonucleotides/oligonucleosides are synthesized according to U.S. Pat. No. 5,623,065, herein incorporated by reference.

Example 6 Oligonucleotide Isolation

After cleavage from the controlled pore glass column (Applied Biosystems) and deblocking in concentrated ammonium hydroxide at 55° C. for 18 hours, the oligonucleotides or oligonucleosides are purified by precipitation twice out of 0.5 M NaCl with 2.5 volumes ethanol. Synthesized oligonucleotides were analyzed by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis on denaturing gels and judged to be at least 85% full length material. The relative amounts of phosphorothioate and phosphodiester linkages obtained in synthesis were periodically checked by ³¹P nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, and for some studies oligonucleotides were purified by HPLC, as described by Chiang et al. (J. Biol. Chem. 1991, 266, 18162-18171). Results obtained with HPLC-purified material are similar to those obtained with non-HPLC purified material.

Example 7 Analysis of Oligonucleotide Inhibition of Integrin α4 Expression

Antisense modulation of integrin α4 expression can be assayed in a variety of ways known in the art. For example, integrin α4 mRNA levels can be quantitated by, e.g., Northern blot analysis, competitive polymerase chain reaction (PCR), or real-time PCR (RT-PCR). Real-time quantitative PCR is presently preferred. RNA analysis can be performed on total cellular RNA or poly(A)+ mRNA. Methods of RNA isolation are taught in, for example, Ausubel, F. M. et al. (Current Protocols in Molecular Biology, 1993., 1, 4.1.1-4.2.9 and 4.5.1-4.5.3). Northern blot analysis is routine in the art and is taught in, for example, Ausubel, F. M. et al. (Current Protocols in Molecular Biology 1996, 1, 4.2.1-4.2.9). Real-time quantitative (PCR) can be conveniently accomplished using the commercially available ABI PRISM™ 7700 Sequence Detection System, available from PE-Applied Biosystems, Foster City, Calif. and used according to manufacturer's instructions. Other methods of PCR are also known in the art.

Integrin α4 protein levels can be quantitated in a variety of ways well known in the art, such as immunoprecipitation, Western blot analysis (immunoblotting), ELISA or fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS). Antibodies directed to integrin α4 can be identified and obtained from a variety of sources, such as the MSRS catalog of antibodies (Aerie Corporation, Birmingham, Mich.), or can be prepared via conventional antibody generation methods. Methods for preparation of polyclonal antisera are taught in, for example, Ausubel, F. M. et al. (Current Protocols in Molecular Biology 1997, 2, 11.12.1-11.12.9). Preparation of monoclonal antibodies is taught in, for example, Ausubel, F. M. et al. (Current Protocols in Molecular Biology 1997, 2, 11.4.1-11.11.5).

Immunoprecipitation methods are standard in the art and can be found at, for example, Ausubel, F. M. et al. (Current Protocols in Molecular Biology 1998, 2, 10.16.1-10.16.11). Western blot (immunoblot) analysis is standard in the art and can be found at, for example, Ausubel, F. M. et al. (Current Protocols in Molecular Biology 1997, 2, 10.8.1-10.8.21). Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) are standard in the art and can be found at, for example, Ausubel, F. M. et al. (Current Protocols in Molecular Biology 1991, 2, 11.2.1-11.2.22).

Example 8 Antisense Inhibition of Human Integrin α4 Expression

In accordance with the present invention, a series of oligonucleotides were designed to target different regions of the human integrin α4 RNA, using published sequences (GenBank accession number L12002, incorporated herein as SEQ ID NO: 1). The oligonucleotides are shown in Table 1. Target sites are indicated by nucleotide numbers, as given in the sequence source reference (GenBank accession no. L12002), to which the oligonucleotide binds. All compounds in Table 1 are 18 nucleotides in length, with a phosphorothioate backbone and a centered 10-base deoxynucleotide gap flanked by 2′-methoxyethoxy (2′MOE) wings. Human A375 melanoma cells (American Type Culture Collection, Manassas, Va.) were plated at 2000 cells/cm² two days before oligonucleotide treatment. Cells were treated with oligonucleotides at a dose of 200 nM oligonucleotide and 6 ug/ml LIPOFECTIN for four hours. Cells were incubated overnight and harvested with 2 mM EDTA in PBS. Cells were washed in 2% bovine serum albumin, 0.2% sodium azide in D-PBS at 4° C. Cells were centrifuged at 200×g, and the supernatant was decanted. Protein levels were determined by flow cytometry according to published methods (Condon and Bennett, J. Biol. Chem. 1996, 271, 30398-30403). The specific conjugated antibody CD49d-FITC (Immunotech, Westbrook, Me., clone HP2/1) was added at 2 uL/test well, and the control IgG (mouse IgG1-FITC, PharMingen, San Diego, Calif.) was added at a concentration of ug/mL. Antibodies were incubated with the cells for 30 minutes at 4° C. in the dark, under gentle agitation. Cells were washed again as above and then resuspended in 0.3 ml of FacsFlow buffer with 0.5% formaldehyde. Cells were analyzed on Becton Dickinson FACScan. Results are expressed as percentage of control expression based on mean fluorescence intensity.

As shown in Table 1, oligonucleotides 24453, 24473, 24475, 24477 and 24451 gave at least about 50% inhibition of integrin α4 protein expression and were subjected to further study.

Example 9 Dose Response Curves for Effect of Antisense Oligonucleotides on Integrin α4 Protein Expression

A375 cells were treated with ISIS 24473, 24475, 24477 and 24451 at concentrations of 50, 100, 200 and 400 nM for 4 hours. Cells were harvested with trypsin at 48 and 72 hours after oligonucleotide treatment and stained with 2 ug/ml CD49d-FITC as in the previous example. Results are shown in Table 2.

TABLE 1 Inhibition of human integrin α4 protein levels by antisense oligonucleotides ISIS # Sequence Target region Target site % Control % Inhib SEQ ID NO 24439 CTCCGTCTCTGCCTACGC 5′-UTR 0087-0104 120 — 2 24440 CGGGTGCTCGCGCTGCTT 5′-UTR 0163-0180 101 — 3 24441 CCTGGGATGCCGCGCACT 5′-UTR 0224-0241 112 — 4 24442 ATGAGGCGCAGCGTGTCC 5′-UTR 0318-0335 82 18 5 24443 CAAAGTTGCACGGGATGC 5′-UTR 0370-0387 63 37 6 24444 GGAACATTCAACACTAAG AUG 0400-0417 68 32 7 24445 CCCGGGTTCGCGCCTCGC coding 0443-0460 73 27 8 24446 GCGCGCTCTCAGTGTCCA coding 0535-0552 58 42 9 24447 GTGGCTGTGCAGCACGAC coding 0594-0611 76 24 10 24448 ACTGAAGCGTTGGCGAGC coding 0656-0673 55 45 11 24449 GCACGTCTGGCCGGGATT coding 0714-0731 61 39 12 24451 CCACTGATTGTCTCTCTC coding 0789-0806 51 49 13 24452 GGATCCATTTTCTCCTGG coding 0831-0848 60 40 14 24453 GCTTATTTTCATTCTTTA coding 0889-0906 47 53 15 24454 TTCTTTTACTCAGTTCTG coding 0949-0966 53 47 16 24455 TCACATAATCTTGATAAC coding 0976-0993 81 19 17 24456 CCCATCACAATTAAATCC coding 1052-1069 76 24 18 24457 TTATTTGTAGTTATATTG coding 1112-1129 106 — 19 24458 CCTAAATAACTTCCAAAT coding 1166-1183 88 12 20 24459 GAAAATGACCAGCTCCGA coding 1192-1209 61 39 21 24460 TTTCATGTAAGATATTTA coding 1300-1317 94 06 22 24461 CCACAGCACAGACAGAAG coding 1351-1368 69 31 23 24462 TGGTGCTCTGCATGGGTG coding 1408-1425 65 35 24 24463 TACACAAACACTCTTCCT coding 1436-1453 101 — 25 24464 TTTGTTTCCATTGCATTC coding 1481-1498 62 38 26 24465 TGCAGCATATTTGTCACT coding 1509-1526 63 37 27 24466 TTGTCAATGTCGCCAAGA coding 1550-1567 64 36 28 24467 TCATCTTCTTGTGGAGCT coding 1595-1612 101 — 29 24468 CCATCTGCACGGCCATTG coding 1637-1654 72 28 30 24469 GTCCAAACATACTTAACG coding 1705-1722 68 32 31 24470 TATCTGCATCAATTTGTC coding 1735-1752 83 17 32 24471 ACCGAAAAGCACCAACTG coding 1774-1791 80 20 33 24472 CTTGTCCTTAGCAAGACA coding 1802-1819 65 35 34 24473 TCAGGGTGGCTTAAAGAA coding 1841-1858 53 47 35 24474 ATCCATTTTCAACACAGT coding 1882-1899 71 29 36 24475 GCCCTTATATGAGAAACA coding 1929-1946 48 52 37 24476 CAATTTGAAAGAAGTCCT stop 3527-3544 99 01 38 24477 TCCATTCTCTCAATTTGA 3′-UTR 3537-3554 43 57 39 24478 GGCGGGCTGTTTTCCATT 3′-UTR 3549-3566 115 — 40 All oligonucleotides have phosphorothioate (P = S or PS) backbones and 2′-methoxyethoxy (2′MOE) “wings” flanking a 2′deoxy gap. 2′MOE nucleotides are shown in bold. All cytosines are 5-methyl cytosines (5meC). Target site refers to nucleotide numbers on the target (Genbank accession No. L12002; SEQ ID NO: 1).

TABLE 2 Dose response effect of antisense oligonucleotides on integrin α4 protein expression SEQ % % % % ISIS DOSE ID CONTROL INHIB CONTROL INHIB # (nM) NO: 48 hr 48 hr 72 hr 72 HR 24451 50 13 63 37 ND ND 100 44 56 ND ND 200 34 66 ND ND 400 44 56 ND ND 24453 50 15 79 21 78 22 100 95 05 93 07 200 38 62 64 36 400 41 59 58 42 24473 50 35 77 23 85 35 100 49 51 77 23 200 39 61 61 39 400 42 58 56 44 24475 50 37 60 40 69 31 100 31 69 44 56 200 30 70 ND ND 400 39 61 52 48 24477 50 39 56 44 72 28 100 47 53 67 33 200 34 66 44 56 400 35 65 53 47

Example 10 Dose Response Curves for Effect of Antisense Oligonucleotides on Integrin α4 Protein Expression

An additional series of oligonucleotides were tested for effects on integrin α4 protein expression and compared to active compounds from the previous screens. These oligonucleotides are targeted to an integrin α4 promotor sequence (Rosen et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 1991, 88, 4094-4098; GenBank Accession No. M62841, provided herein as SEQ ID NO: 41). These oligonucleotides are shown in Table 3 and their effects on integrin α4 protein expression is shown in Table 4. Where backbones are mixed, linkages are shown as “s” for phosphorothioate (P═S or PS) and “o” for phosphodiester (P═O or PO). Where target region is indicated as ‘M62841,’ oligonucleotides are targeted to the promotor region whose sequence is described in GenBank Accession No. M62841. Remaining oligonucleotides are targeted to the sequence described in Genbank Accession No. L12002 and their target sites on the L12002 sequence are indicated.

A mouse sequence (SEQ ID NO:47) is included for comparison. It is targeted to the same mRNA region as the human sequence 27104 (coding region just downstream from the AUG codon) and contains 3 mismatches with the human mRNA target.

TABLE 3 Additional oligonucleotides targeted to human integrin α4 ISIS # Sequence Chemistry Target region Target site SEQ ID NO 24475 GCCCTTATATGAGAAACA PS; 2′ MOE/deoxy; All coding 1929-1946 37 2′ MOE C's are 5 meC 24739 TTTAGTGACAAAGACGTTAT PS; deoxy M62841 0409-0428 42 24740 GAAGGCCCCTGGGGAACATT PS; deoxy M62841 0428-0447 43 24741 AGACGTTATGGCTATTCTCT PS; deoxy M62841 0398-0417 44 24742 TTTAGTGACAAAGACGTTAT PS; 2′MOE; all C = 5meC M62841 0409-0428 42 24743 GAAGGCCCCTGGGGAACATT PS; 2′MOE; all C = 5meC M62841 0428-0447 43 24744 AGACGTTATGGCTATTCTCT PS; 2′MOE; all C = 5 meC M62841 0398-0417 44 26643 TTGCCCTTATATGAGAAACA PS; 2′MOE; all C = 5 meC coding 1929-1948 45 27104 CCCAAGCCATGCGCTCTCGG PS/2′MOE; all C = 5 meC human coding 0421-0440 46 27108 CoCoCoAsAsGsCsCsAsTs PO/PS; 2′ MOE/deoxy; human coding 0421-0440 46 GsCsGoCoToCoToCoGoG All C = 5 meC 17044 CCGCAGCCATGCGCTCTTGG PS; 2′ MOE/deoxy; All mouse 47 mouse 2′ MOE C's are 5 meC coding 27109 CoCoGoCsAsGsCsCsAsTs PO/PS; 2′ MOE/deoxy; mouse coding 47 mouse GsCsGoCoToCoToToGoG All C = 5 meC

TABLE 4 Dose response curves for effect of antisense oligonucleotides on human integrin α4 protein expression Oligo. ISIS # Conc (nM) % Control % Inhib. SEQ ID NO. 24475 10 97 03 37 30 73 27 100 84 16 300 55 45 24739 10 69 31 42 30 67 33 100 121 — 300 107 — 24740 10 122 — 43 30 119 — 100 106 — 300 88 12 24741 10 109 — 44 30 113 — 100 125 — 300 127 — 24742 10 112 — 42 30 107 — 100 123 — 300 128 — 24743 10 96 04 43 30 121 — 100 117 — 300 105 — 24744 10 121 — 44 30 110 — 100 118 — 300 118 — 26643 10 90 10 45 30 95 05 100 93 07 300 66 34 27104 10 69 31 46 30 64 36 100 49 51 300 39 61 17044 10 86 14 47 mouse 30 73 27 100 60 40 300 58 42 27108 10 69 31 46 30 95 05 100 64 36 300 49 51 27109 10 109 — 47 30 114 — 100 77 23 300 55 45

In this assay, oligonucleotides 24475, 27104 and 27108 demonstrated 40% inhibition or greater and are preferred. The oligonucleotide sequence (SEQ ID NO: 47) targeted to mouse integrin α4, which has only three mismatches with the human gene target, also showed >40% inhibition at the highest dose.

Example 11 Screening of Additional Oligonucleotide Screening for Inhibition of Integrin α4 Protein Levels

New oligonucleotides 26640, 26641, 26642 and 26644 were synthesized and compared against previously tested oligonucleotides. Oligonucleotides are shown in Table 5 and their effect on integrin α4 protein levels is shown in Table 6. Target sites refer to nucleotide numbers on the target sequence (GenBank Accession No. L12002) to which the oligonucleotides hybridize.

TABLE 5 Additional oligonucleotides targeted to human integrin α4 ISIS # Sequence Chemistry Target region Target site SEQ ID NO. 26640 CCACTGATTGTCTCTCTCTT PS; 2′MOE/deoxy; coding 0789-0806 13 All C = 5 meC 26641 GAGCTTATTTTCATTCTTTA PS; 2′MOE/deoxy; coding 0889-0906 15 All C = 5 meC 26642 TCAGGGTGGCTT AAAGAAGC PS; 2′MOE/deoxy; coding 1841-1858 35 All C = 5 meC 26644 TTTCCATTCTCTCAATTTGA PS; 2′MOE/deoxy; 3′-UTR 3537-3554 37 All C = 5 meC

TABLE 6 Dose response curves for effect of antisense oligonucleotides on human integrin α4 protein expression Oligo. ISIS # Conc (nM) % Control % Inhib. SEQ ID NO. 27104 10 84 16 46 30 82 18 100 59 41 300 37 63 17044 10 97 03 47 30 84 16 100 68 32 300 39 61 24451 10 96 04 13 30 77 23 100 66 34 300 35 65 26640 10 91 09 13 30 83 17 100 62 38 300 35 65 24453 10 88 12 15 30 90 10 100 80 20 300 43 57 26641 10 88 12 15 30 85 15 100 67 33 300 31 69 24473 10 103 — 35 30 92 08 100 81 19 300 47 53 26642 10 84 16 35 30 77 23 100 56 44 300 23 77 24477 10 83 17 39 30 80 20 100 63 37 300 33 67 26644 10 99 01 39 30 94 06 100 78 22 300 48 52

In this assay, oligonucleotides 27104, 24451, 26640, 24453, 26641, 24473, 26642, 24477 and 26644 demonstrated 40% inhibition or greater and are preferred. The oligonucleotide sequence (SEQ ID NO: 47) targeted to mouse integrin α4, which has only three mismatches with the human gene target, also showed >40% inhibition at the highest dose.

Example 12 Antisense Inhibition of Murine Integrin α4 mRNA Expression in Mouse P388D (IL-1) Cells

Because many conditions which are believed to be ameliorable by antisense oligonucleotides targeted to integrin α4 are not amenable to study in humans, a series of oligonucleotides was designed to target the murine integrin α4 using the published sequence of De Miersman et al., DNA Cell Biol. 1994, 13:743-754; GenBank Accession No:L20788, provided herein as SEQ ID NO: 48). These oligonucleotides are shown in Table 7. Nucleotide bases shown in bold are 2′-methoxyethoxy (2′MOE); remaining positions are 2′ deoxy. Target site refers to the first nucleotide position on the target (GenBank Accession No. L20788) to which the oligonucleotide binds.

Oligonucleotides were initially screened in murine P388D (IL-1) macrophage cells (American Type Culture Collection, Manassas Va.) for 4 hours at an oligonucleotide concentration of 100 nM in 3 ug/ml lipofectin. Cells were harvested and RNA was purified by cellular lysis using Catrimox-14 solution (Iowa Biotechnology Corp, Oakdale Iowa. Dahle, C. E. and Macfarlane, D. E., BioTechniques 1993, 15, 1-4. RNA was electrophoresed on a 1% agarose/1.1% formaldehyde gel with 18 ug RNA loaded in each lane. The integrin α4 probe was a PCR-labeled 1025-base integrin α4 fragment (positions 3681-4706) made by RT-PCR according to the method of Bednarczuk et al. (Biotechniques 1991 10,478). Results of the screen are shown in Table 8.

TABLE 7 Antisense oligonucleotides targeted to murine integrin α4 ISIS # Sequence Chemistry Target region Target site SEQ ID NO 15600 CACGCCCCGTTTCTGTGGCC PS; 2′-MOE, 5′ cap 0952-0971 49 All C = 5 meC 15601 CACGCCCCGTTTCTGTGGCC PO; 2′-MOE, 5′ cap 0952-0971 49 All C = 5 meC 15602 CACGCCCCGTTTCTGTGGCC PS; DNA 5′ cap 0952-0971 49 15603 GGATGCTTCAGGCTCTGGCC PS; DNA 5′ UTR 0972-0991 50 15604 GGAGCGATCGTAGTGGCCAG PS; DNA 5′ UTR 0992-1011 51 15605 CCGGTGCTGGCAGGCGACAG PS; DNA 5′ UTR 1061-1080 52 15606 GATGAAGTGCAGCAGCGTGT PS; DNA 5′ UTR 1081-1100 53 15607 GGCCACTGACCAGAGTTGCA PS; DNA 5′ UTR 1141-1160 54 15608 CCGCAGCCATGCGCTCTTGG PS; DNA AUG 1183-1202 47 15609 CACCTCGCTTCCGCAGCCAT PS; DNA AUG 1193-1212 55

TABLE 8 Antisense inhibition of murine integrin α4 mRNA expression ISIS No. % Control % Inhib Seq ID NO: 15600 93 07 49 15601 60 40 49 15602 48 52 49 15603 38 62 50 15604 134 — 51 15605 84 16 52 15606 72 28 53 15607 26 74 54 15608 16 84 47 15609 07 93 55

As shown in Table 8, ISIS 15607, targeted to the 5′UTR, and ISIS 15608 and 15609, both targeted to the translation initiation codon, were most active in this assay. Dose response curves for ISIS 15607, 15608 and 15609 are shown in Table 9. Results are averages of duplicate samples.

TABLE 9 Antisense inhibition of murine integrin α4 mRNA expression- dose responses Oligo ISIS No. Conc (nM) % control % inhib SEQ ID NO: 15607 12.5 78 22 54 25 67 33 50 50 50 100 55 45 15608 12.5 59 41 47 25 29 71 50 23 77 100 39 61 15609 12.5 54 46 55 25 24 76 50 28 72 100 57 43

Example 13 Antisense Inhibition of Murine Integrin α4 Protein Expression

Murine IC-21 macrophage cells (American Type Culture Collection, Manassas, Va.) were used for further study. Additional oligonucleotides were designed to target murine integrin α4. These are shown in Table 10; all 2′ MOE nucleotides are shown in bold and remaining positions are 2′ deoxy. All 2′-MOE cytosines in these compounds are 5′ methylcytosines. IC-21 cells were seeded at 5×10⁴ cell/well plates two days before assay. Cells were treated with 3 ug/ml LIPOFECTIN for 4 hours with 25 nM oligonucleotide. Wells were triplicates. Cells were harvested with 2 mM EDTA after 20 hours and analyzed by flow cytometry as described in Example 8, using CD49d-phycoerythrin (CD49d-PE) antibody conjugate (clone R1-2) and Rat IgG2B-PE as control. Results are shown in Table 11.

TABLE 10 Antisense oligonucleotides targeted to murine integrin α4 ISIS # Sequence Chemistry Target region Target site SEQ ID NO: 15607 GGCCACTGACCAGAGTTGCA PS; 2′ deoxy 5′ UTR 1141-1160 54 16477 CGGACCAGTACCAGGGTTAC PS; 2′ deoxy scrambled 56 16428 GGCCACTGACCAGAGTTGCA PS; 2′ MOE/deoxy 5′ UTR 1141-1160 54 16429 GGCCACTGACCAGAGTTGCA PS; 2′ MOE/deoxy 5′ UTR 1141-1160 54 16430 GGCCACTGACCAGAGTTGCA PS; 2′ MOE/deoxy 5′ UTR 1141-1160 54 15608 CCGCAGCCATGCGCTCTTGG PS; DNA AUG 1183-1202 47 16478 GCCGACACCCGTTCGTTCGG PS; DNA scrambled 57 16431 CCGCAGCCATGCGCTCTTGG PS; 2′ MOE/deoxy AUG 1183-1202 47 16432 CCGCAGCCATGCGCTCTTGG PS; 2′ MOE/deoxy AUG 1183-1202 47 16433 CCGCAGCCATGCGCTCTTGG PS; 2′ MOE/deoxy AUG 1183-1202 47 15609 CACCTCGCTTCCGCAGCCAT PS; DNA AUG 1193-1212 55 16479 ACCTCCTCGCTCACGCGCTA PS; DNA Scrambled 58 16434 CACCTCGCTTCCGCAGCCAT PS; 2′ MOE/deoxy AUG 1183-1202 47 16435 CACCTCGCTTCCGCAGCCAT PS; 2′ MOE/deoxy AUG 1183-1202 47 16436 CACCTCGCTTCCGCAGCCAT PS; 2′ MOE/deoxy AUG 1183-1202 47 16437 CGCTTCCGCAGCCATGCGCT PS; 2′ MOE/deoxy AUG 1188-1207 59 All 2′MOE cytosines in Table 10 are 5-methylcytosines.

TABLE 11 Inhibition of integrin α4 protein expression by antisense oligonucleotides ISIS No. % Control % Inhib Seq ID NO: 15607 82 18 54 16477 96 04 56 16428 67 33 54 16429 60 40 54 16430 50 50 54 15608 63 37 47 16478 92 08 57 16431 35 65 47 16432 53 47 47 16433 23 77 47 15609 57 43 55 16479 96 04 58 16434 33 67 47 16435 30 70 47 16436 47 53 47 16437 36 64 59

ISIS 16430, 16431, 16433, 16434, 16434, 16435, 16436 and 16437 gave better than 50% inhibition in this assay and are preferred.

Dose responses for effect of ISIS 16431 and 16433 on integrin α4 protein levels are shown in Table 12. Cells (triplicates) were seeded at 2.5×10⁴ cells/well in 24-well plates the day before treatment. Oligonucleotide concentrations were 0.2, 1, 5, 25 and 50 nM in 3 ug/ml LIPOFECTIN. Cells were harvested with 2 mM EDTA for 4 minutes, then 1 ml of 2% BSA, 0.2% azide was added per contents of each well. Protein levels were analyzed by flow cytometry as described in Example 8, using CD49d-PE antibody conjugate at 2 ug/ml, and rat IgG2B at 2 ug/ml as control. ISIS 16431 and 16433 were found to have IC50s of approximately 1 nM for integrin α4 protein inhibition.

TABLE 12 Dose response effect of 16431, 16433 on integrin α4 protein levels ISIS No. Dose (nM) % of control % inhib. SEQ ID NO: 16431 0.2 82 18 47 1 57 43 5 34 66 25 32 68 50 30 70 16433 0.2 85 15 47 1 62 38 5 37 63 25 20 80 50 30 70 16478 5 95 05 57 25 87 13 50 84 16

Another dose-response experiment on ISIS 16433 was done with scramble control included. IC-21 cells were treated with 0.3, 1, 3, 10 and 30 nM oligonucleotide with 3 ug/ml LIPOFECTIN for 4 hours. Cells were incubated for 24 hours, harvested with trypsin, stained with 2 ug/ml CD49d-PE and rat IgG2B as in previous examples. The results are shown in Table 13. ISIS 16433 at 30 nM was found to inhibit protein levels to below basal levels.

TABLE 13 Dose response effect of 16431, 16433 on integrin α4 protein levels ISIS Oligo. % of No. Conc. (nM) control % inhib. SEQ ID NO: 16433 0.3 89 11 47 1 68 32 3 25 75 10 03 97 30 −14 (100)  16478 0.3 137 — 57 1 131 — 3 127 — 10 130 — 30 108 —

another dose response experiment was done to determine the IC50 of ISIS 16433 for inhibition of integrin α4 RNA. IC-21 cells were tested in duplicate with ISIS 16433 at 6.25, 12.5, 25 or 50 nM with 3 ug/ml LIPOFECTIN.

RNA was purified with Qiagen Qiashredder/RNEASY™ Kit according to manufacturer's directions. Probes were random primed using a prime-a-Gene Kit (Promega, Madison, Wis.). The results are shown in Table 14. ISIS 16433 was shown to have an IC50 of approximately 10 nM for integrin α4 RNA reduction.

TABLE 14 Dose response effect of ISIS 16433 on integrin α4 RNA levels ISIS Oligo Percent of Percent SEQ ID No. dose (nM) control inhib. NO: 16433 6.25 59 41 47 12.5 46 44 25 28 72 50 43 57 16478 6.25 75 25 57 12.5 60 40 25 24 76 50 26 74

Example 14 Additional Antisense Oligonucleotides Targeted to Murine Integrin α4-optimization

Additional oligonucleotides were synthesized with the ISIS 16433 sequence (SEQ ID NO: 47, targeted to the translation initiation codon) in order to optimize the backbone chemistry and 2′ methoxyethoxy gap placement. These compounds were tested for ability to inhibit integrin α4 protein expression. Compounds and results are shown in Tables 15 and 16. ISIS 17044 was found to reduce integrin α4 expression to below starting levels and was chosen for further study in animal models of disease.

TABLE 15 Optimization of oligonucleotides having SEQ ID NO: 47 ISIS No. Sequence Chemistry 17044 CCGCAGCCATGCGCTCTTGG All PS; 2′ MOE/deoxy; All 2′ MOE C's are 5 meC 17045 CCGCAGCCATGCGCTCTTGG All PS; 2′ MOE/deoxy; All 2′ MOE C's are 5 meC 17046 CCGCAGCCATGCGCTCTTGG All PS; 2′ MOE/deoxy; All 2′ MOE C's are 5 meC 17047 CCGCAGCCATGCGCTCTTGG All PS; 2′ MOE/deoxy; All 2′ MOE C's are 5 meC 17160 CoCsGsCsAsGsCsCsAsTsGsCsGoCoToCoToToGoG PO/PS; All 2′MOE; 5 meC at positions 1, 2, 14, 16 16433 CCGCAGCCATGCGCTCTTGG All PS; 2′ MOE/deoxy; All 2′ MOE C's are 5 meC 17048 GCCGACACCCGTTCGTTCGG A11 PS; 2′ MOE/deoxy; All (scrambled control; SEQ ID NO: 57) 2′ MOE C's are 5 meC

Internucleoside backbone linkages are uniform P═S except for ISIS 17160. “o” indicates a phosphodiester (P═O) linkage and “s” indicates a phosphorothioate (P═S) linkage.

TABLE 16 Dose response for optimization of oligonucleotides with SEQ ID NO: 47 Oligo. SEQ ID ISIS No. Conc (nM) % Control % Inhib. NO: 17044 0.3 100  0 47 1 81 19 3 32 68 10 −9 >100    17045 0.3 109 — 47 1 65 35 3 34 66 10 12 88 17046 0.3 161 — 47 1 123 — 3 125 — 10 75 25 17047 0.3 132 — 47 1 107 — 3 77 23 10 36 67 17160 0.3 165 — 47 1 140 — 3 144 — 10 160 — 16433 0.3 146 — 47 1 94 06 3 64 36 10 02 98 17048 0.3 159 — 57 (control) 1 159 — 3 150 — 10 119 —

Example 15 Mouse Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis (EAE) Model for Multiple Sclerosis

Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) is an inflammatory, demyelinating central nervous system disease frequently used as an animal model for multiple sclerosis. It is indicible in genetically susceptible animals by immunization with whole spinal cord homogenate or protein components of the myelin sheath such as myelin basic protein (MBP) or proteolipid protein (PLP), or by transfer of MBP- or PLP-specific T cells. Myers et al., J. Immunol. 1993, 151, 2252-2260.

CSJLF-1 mice (Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, Me.) were immunized with the p13 peptide (HSLGKWLGHPDKF-amide, synthesized by Research Genetics, Huntsville, Ala., SEQ ID NO. 60) which corresponds to residues 139-151 of PLP and is encephalitogenic in these mice. Mice were immunized essentially as described in Myers et al., (J. Neuroimmunology 1992, 41, 1-8). Briefly, mice were injected in the hind footpads and the base of the tail with 50-100 ug of p13 peptide, emulsified in CFA (Difco, Detroit, Mich.) fortified with 4 mg/ml of heat-killed H37Ra Mycobacterium tuberculosis bacteria (Difco). At the time of footpad injections and again 2 days later, mice were also injected intravenously with 500 ng of pertussis toxin (Sigma, St. Louis, Mo.).

Mice were treated with the antisense oligonucleotide ISIS 17044 at various doses, beginning one day before p13 immunization except where indicated otherwise. Oligonucleotide was formulated in 0.9% saline and was administered daily by subcutaneous injection, with dosing continuing until more than 50% of the p13-immunized but saline-treated control group began showing symptoms of disease. Dosing was then terminated and mice were observed for effects of treatment on the course of disease. Disease severity was scored on a scale of 0 to 5 with 0=no symptoms, 1=flaccid tail, 2=hind limb weakness, 3=hind limb paralysis, 4=hind and front limb paralysis and 5=moribund or dead. Time until disease onset was also measured and compared to p13-immunized control mice that received saline instead of oligonucleotide.

Example 16 EAE Experiment 1

Mice were treated with ISIS 17044 as described in Example 15, at daily doses ranging from 1 mg/kg to 20 mg/kg, injected subcutaneously (SC). Mean peak disease severity and average number of days to disease onset were measured and these are shown in Table 17.

TABLE 17 EAE Experiment 1- effects of ISIS 17044 on EAE Disease Peak Days Group Incidence Severity to Onset Saline 6/7 1.57 14.5 17044 20 mg/kg 5/7 1.43 15 17044 10 mg/kg 4/7 2.0 12.75 17044 5 mg/kg 6/7 1.86 17 17044 1 mg/kg 4/7 0.29 17.25

As shown, 17044 reduced disease severity or delayed disease onset.

Example 17 EAE Experiment 2

Mice were treated with ISIS 17044 as described in Example 15, at daily doses ranging from 0.3 mg/kg to 3 mg/kg, injected subcutaneously, and 1 mg/kg injected intravenously for comparison. Mean peak disease severity and average number of days to disease onset were measured and these are shown in Table 18.

TABLE 18 EAE Experiment 2- effects of ISIS 17044 on EAE Disease Peak Days to Group Incidence Severity Onset Saline 7/7 2/43 13.7 17044 3 mg/kg SC 7/7 2.29 16.4 17044 1 mg/kg SC 4/7 1.0  18.25 17044 0.3 mg/kg SC 7/7 2.14 16.57 17044 1 mg/kg IV 5/7 1.42 17.2

As shown, 17044 reduced disease severity and delayed disease onset at all concentrations.

Example 18 EAE Experiment 3

Mice were treated with ISIS 17044 as described in Example 15, at daily doses ranging from 0.5 mg/kg to 2.0 mg/kg, injected subcutaneously (SC). A thrice-weekly dosing regimen was also tested, and a scrambled control (ISIS 17614, GCCGACACCCGTTCGTTCGG, 2′ MOE /deoxy; P═S; SEQ ID NO: 57) was also tested. Disease severity and time until disease onset were measured and these are shown in Table 19.

TABLE 19 EAE Experiment 3- effects of ISIS 17044 on EAE Disease Peak Days to Group Incidence Severity Onset Saline 7/7 2.29 15.14 17044 2 mg/kg 2/6 0.83 20 17044 1.5 4/7 1.5 17.5 mg/kg 17044 1.0 4/5 1.5 19.25 mg/kg 17044 0.5 5/6 1.5 21.4 mg/kg 17044 1 mg/kg 6/7 1.0 20.3 3× weekly 17614 1 mg/kg 7/7 2.14 16.86

As shown, 17044 reduced disease severity or delayed disease onset.

Example 19 EAE Experiment 4—Prophylactic vs. Therapeutic Dosing

Mice were treated with ISIS 17044 as described in Example 15, at daily doses of 0.01/kg to 2.0 mg/kg, injected subcutaneously (SC). The scrambled control oligonucleotide, ISIS 17614, was also tested at 2 mg/kg. A 1 mg/kg daily dose, given therapeutically was also tested. In this regimen, oligonucleotide treatment began on day 18, after animals had begun showing symptoms of paralysis, and continued until day 31. Diease severity and time until disease onset were measured and these are shown in Table 20.

TABLE 20 EAE Experiment 4- effects of ISIS 17044 on EAE- Therapeutic (T) vs. Prophylactic (P) Regimen Disease Peak Days to Group Incidence Severity Onset Saline 6/7 3.29 16 17044 2.0 7/7 2.29 16.71 mg/kg SC (P) 17044 1.0 5/5 2.2 15 mg/kg SC (P) 17044 0.1 7/7 1.57 16.29 mg/kg SC (P) 17044 0.01 6/7 1.86 13.83 mg/kg (P) 17044 1 mg/kg 6/6 1.83 13.3 (T) 17614 2 mg/kg 7/7 1.86 14.14 SC (control)

As shown, 17044 reduced disease severity when given therapeutically (time to disease onset is not expected to be increased because dosing begins after onset of disease).

Example 20 EAE Experiment 5—Prophylactic vs. Therapeutic Dosing

Mice were treated with ISIS 17044 as described in Example 15, at daily doses of 0.01/kg to 2.0 mg/kg, injected subcutaneously (SC). The scrambled control oligonucleotide, ISIS 17614, was also tested at 2 mg/kg. A 1 mg/kg daily dose, given therapeutically was also tested. In this regimen, oligonucleotide treatment began on day 11, after animals had begun showing symptoms of paralysis, and continued until day 27. Disease severity and time until disease onset were measured and these are shown in Table 21.

TABLE 21 EAE Experiment 5- effects of ISIS 17044 on EAE- Therapeutic (T) vs. Prophylactic (P) Regimen Disease Peak Days to Group Incidence Severity Onset Saline 6/7 1.86 10.83 17044 2.0 mg/kg 7/7 1.86 12 SC (P) 17044 1.0 mg/kg 6/7 1.86 11.33 SC (P) 17044 0.1 mg/kg 6/7 1.14 12.67 SC (P) 17044 0.01 mg/kg 7/7 1.57 11.57 (P) 17044 1 mg/kg 7/7 1.42 12.71 (T) 17614 2 mg/kg SC 6/7 1.71 9 (control)

As shown, 17044 reduced disease severity when given therapeutically (time to disease onset is not expected to be increased because dosing begins after onset of disease).

Example 21 Mouse Collagen-Induced Arthritis (CIA) Model for Rheumatoid Arthritis

A model for human rheumatoid arthritis has been developed wherein mice are immunized with bovine type II collagen. Anderson et al., J. Immunol. 1991 147, 1189-1193, citing Trentham et al., J. Exp. Med 1977, 146, 857. Swelling and inflammation of the joints follows in approximately 3 weeks, with joint distortion and ankylosis typical of rheumatoid arthritis. This model has been used to study the effects of the antisense oligonucleotide 17044, targeted to mouse integrin α4, on arthritis in mice.

DBA/1LacJ mice were obtained from Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, Me. Female mice aged 6 to 8 weeks were used and assigned to groups, ten mice per group. On day 0 mice were immunized at the base of the tail with 100 ug of bovine type II collagen which was emulsified in Complete Freund's Adjuvant (CFA). On day 7, a second booster dose of collagen was administered by the same route. On day 14 the mice were injected subcutaneously with 100 ug of lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Weights were recorded weekly. Mice were inspected daily for the onset of CIA, which is characterized by erythema and edema. Upon the onset of the disease, paw widths and rear ankle widths of affected and unaffected joints were measured three times a week using a constant tension caliper. In addition, limbs were clinically evaluated and graded 0-4, where 0=normal; 1=one digit swollen; 2=inflammation present in more than one digit; 3=joint distortion with or without inflammation; and 4=ankylosis, detected by joint manipulation. The progression of all measurements was recorded to day 50. At the end of the observation period for each mouse, all paws were removed and examined histologically.

The oligonucleotide, the positive control drug (cyclophosphamide, 5 mg/kg), and the vehicle were administered daily to each mouse intraperitoneally (IP) starting on day −3 and continuing for the duration of the study. Each animal received 10 mg/kg as a bolus daily dose.

Example 22 Effect of Antisense Oligonucleotide Targeted to Integrin α4 on Collagen-Induced Arthritis (CIA)

In a preliminary study, a single 10 mg/kg daily dose of ISPH 17044 was administered from the time of disease induction to the conclusion of the study 50 days later. Arthritis incidence was reduced from 70 to 30% in the ISIS 17044-treated group. A summary of clinical parameters is shown in Table 22.

TABLE 22 Effect of ISIS 17044 on Collagen-Induced Arthritis Mean Day # Paws/ Peak Day of Treatment Severity of Onset Mouse Inflamm. Vehicle 3.2 ± 1.1 19.7 ± 1.1 1.2 ± 0.4 6.7 ± 2.9 17044 2.1 ± 1.1 20.3 ± 1.9 0.7 ± 0.4 1.6 ± 0.8 10 mg/kg Cyclophos- 0 ± 0 — 0 ± 0 — phamide 5 mg/kg Severity = total clinical score/total number of mice in group. # Paws/Mouse = mean number of affected paws at termination/total number of mice in group.

Peak Day of Inflammation=day from onset to time of maximum swelling for each joint measured.

The mice that developed arthritis in the various treatment groups were compared and the results are shown in Table 23.

TABLE 23 Comparison of Mice With Arthritis Mean # of Paws Treatment Involved Mean Clinical Score Vehicle 1.7 ± 0.4 4.6 ± 0.4 17044 10 mg/kg 2.3 ± 0.3 7.0 ± 1.0 Cyclophospha- — — mide 5 mg/kg Mean # Paws Involved = number paws at termination in the affected mice/number of affected mice in group. Mean Clinical Score = total clinical score of affected mice/total number of affected mice in group.

Example 23 Reduction of Leukocyte Trafficking into the Central Nervous System of EAE Mice by Antisense Oligonucleotide Targeted to Integrin α4

Mice from EAE experiment 3 (Example 18 above) were sacrificed with CO₂ and the spinal cord was removed and cut into 0.5 cm pieces through lumbar and low thoracic regions. The pieces were embedded in O.C.T. tissue freezing medium (Ted Pella Inc., Redding, Calif.) on dry ice and methylbutane. Four-micron frozen sections were cut and air dried overnight. The sections were fixed for three minutes in ice-cold acetone and then placed on a Dako Autostainer (Dako Corporation, Carpinteria, Calif.) and treated in the following steps: 5 minutes in 0.03% H₂O₂, 5 minutes in 5% donkey serum diluted in PBS, 45 minutes in appropriately diluted primary antibody, 30 minutes in horseradish peroxidase-labeled donkey anti-rat secondary antibody (Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, Me.). Sections were rinsed between treatments with PBS. All the antibodies used were rat anti-mouse from PharMingen (San Diego, Calif.), except BM-8, which was from Bachem Bioscience Inc. (King of Prussia, Pa.). The immunostaining was developed with DAB (Dako Corporation) and counterstained with hematoxylin.

Treatment with 1 mg/kg ISIS 17044 was shown to reduce leukocyte trafficking into the spinal cords and brains of CSJLF1 mice directly immunized to develop EAB. In preliminary experiments, leukocyte trafficking as measured by the expression of VLA-4, of which integrin α4 is one of two subunits, CD4 (a T-cell marker), BM-8 (a macrophage marker) and CD18 (contained in the LFA-1 and MAC-1 adhesion molecules found on leukocytes) was significantly reduced. CD4+T cells were virtually eliminated from the central nervous system of ISIS 17044-treated mice in one experiment. These cells have been shown to be critical for the induction of EAE. In a second experiment (EAE experiment 4, Example 19 above), these results were confirmed, and there appeared to be a dose-dependent effect with 1.0 mg/kg of 17044 causing a greater reduction of leukocyte influx into the central nervous system than did 0.1 mg/kg 17044. Scrambled control oligonucleotide ISIS 17614 was not effective in reducing cellular influx in this experiment.

Example 24 Effect of Antisense Oligonucleotides Targeted to Integrin α4 on Inflammatory Bowel Disease

A mouse model for inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) has recently been developed Okayasu et al. (Gastroenteroloqy 1990, 98, 694-702). Administration of dextran sulfate to mice induces colitis that mimics human IBD in almost every detail. Dextran sulfate-induced IBD and human IBD have subsequently been closely compared at the histological level and the mouse model has been found to be an extremely reproducible and reliable model. It is used here to test the effect of ISIS 17044 on inflammatory bowel disease.

Female Swiss Webster mice (8 weeks of age) weighing approximately 25 to 30 grams are kept under standard conditions. Mice are allowed to acclimate for at least 5 days before initiation of experimental procedures. Mice are given 5% dextran sulfate sodium in their drinking water (available ad libitum) for 5 days. Concomitantly, ISIS 17044 oligonucleotide in pharmaceutical carrier, carrier alone (negative control) or TGF-β (known to protect against dextran sulfate-mediated colitis in mice) is administered. ISIS 17044 is given as daily subcutaneous injection of 1 mg/kg to 5 mg/kg for 5 days. TGF-β is given as 1 μg/mouse intracolonically.

Mice are sacrificed on day 6 and colons are subjected to histopathologic evaluation. Until sacrifice, disease activity is monitored by observing mice for weight changes and by observing stools for evidence of colitis. Mice are weighed daily. Stools are observed daily for changes in consistency and for presence of occult or gross bleeding. A scoring system is used to develop a disease activity index by which weight loss, stool consistency and presence of bleeding are graded on a scale of 0 to 3 (0 being normal and 3 being most severely affected) and an index is calculated. Drug-induced changes in the disease activity index are analyzed statistically. The disease activity index has been shown to correlate extremely well with IBD in general.

Example 25 Effect of Antisense Oligonucleotide Targeted to Integrin α4 on Survival in Murine Heterotopic Heart Transplant Model

To determine the therapeutic effects of integrin α4 antisense oligonucleotide in preventing allograft rejection, the murine integrin α4-specific oligonucleotide ISIS 17044 is tested for activity in a murine vascularized heterotopic heart transplant model. Hearts from Balb/c mice are transplanted into the abdominal cavity of C3H mice as primary vascularized grafts essentially as described by Isobe et al., (Circulation 1991, 84, 1246-1255) Oligonucleotide is administered by continuous intravenous administration via a 7-day ALZET pump. The mean survival time for untreated mice is usually approximately 9-10 days. Treatment of the mice for 7 days with 1 mg/kg to 5 mg/kg ISIS 17044 is expected to increase the mean survival time.

Example 26 Effect of Antisense Oligonucleotide Targeted to Integrin α4 on Leukocyte Migration

Leukocyte infiltration of tissues and organs is a major aspect of the inflammatory process and contributes to tissue damage resulting from inflammation. The effect of ISIS 17044 on leukocyte migration is examined using a mouse model in which carrageenan-soaked sponges are implanted subcutaneously. Carrageenan stimulates leukocyte migration and edema. Effect of oligonucleotide on leukocyte migration in inflammatory exudates is evaluated by quantitation of leukocytes infiltrating the implanted sponges. Following a four hour fast, 40 mice are assigned randomly to eight groups each containing five mice. Each mouse is anesthetized with METOFANE and a polyester sponge impregnated with 1 ml of a 20 mg/ml solution of carrageenan is implanted subcutaneously. Saline is administered intravenously to Group 1 at 10 ml/kg four hours prior to sponge implantation and this serves as the vehicle control. Indomethacin (positive control) is administered orally at 3 mg/kg at a volume of 20 ml/kg to Group 2 immediately following surgery, again 6-8 hours later and again at 21 hours post-implantation. ISIS 17044 is administered intravenously at a dose of 1 mg/kg to 5 mg/kg to Group 3 four hours prior to sponge implantation. ISIS 17044 is administered intravenously at a dose of 1 mg/kg to 5 mg/kg to Group 4 immediately following sponge implantation. ISIS 17044 is administered intravenously at 1 mg/kg to 5 mg/kg to Groups 5, 6, 7 and 8 at 2, 4, 8 and 18 hours following sponge implantation, respectively. Twenty-four hours after implantation, sponges are removed, immersed in EDTA and saline (5 ml) and squeezed dry. Total numbers of leukocytes in sponge exudate mixtures are determined. The oral administration of indomethacin at 3 mg/kg generally produces a 75-80% reduction in mean leukocyte count when compared to the vehicle control group.

Example 27 Experimental Metastasis Assay

To evaluate the role of integrin α4 in metastasis, experimental metastasis assays are performed by injecting 1×10⁵ C8161 cells into the lateral tail vein of athymic nude mice. C8161 is a human melanoma cell line. Treatment of C8161 cells with the cytokine TNF-α and interferon γ has previously been shown to result in an increased number of lung metastases when cells were injected into nude mice (Miller, D. E. and Welch, D. R., Proc. Am. Assoc. Cancer Res. 1990, 13, 353). Four-week-old female athymic nude mice (Harlan Sprague Dawley) are used. Animals are maintained under the guidelines of the NIH. Groups of 4-8 mice each are tested in experimental metastasis assays.

Treatment of C8161 cells with antisense oligonucleotide ISIS 27104, complementary to human integrin α4, is performed in the presence of the cationic lipid, LIPOFECTIN (Gibco/BRL, Gaithersburg, Md.). Cells are seeded in 60 mm tissue culture dishes at 10⁶ cells/ml and incubated at 37° C. for 3 days, washed with Opti-MEM (Gibco/BRL) 3 times and 100 μl of Opti-MEM medium is added to each well. 0.5 μM oligonucleotide and 15 μg/ml LIPOFECTIN are mixed at room temperature for 15 minutes. 25 μl of the oligonucleotide-LIPOFECTIN mixture is added to the appropriate dishes and incubated at 37° C. for 4 hours. The oliqonucleotide-LIPOFECTIN mixture is removed and replaced with DME-F12 medium containing 10% fetal calf serum. After 4 hours, 500 U/ml TNF-α is added to the appropriate wells and incubated for 18 hours at which time cells are removed from the plates, counted and injected into athymic nude mice. Alternatively, tumor cells (untreated with oligonucleotide) are implanted into athymic nude mice as above and tumor-bearing mice are treated every other day with antisense oligonucleotide at doses of 1 mg/kg to 5 mg/kg.

After 4 weeks, mice are sacrificed, organs are fixed in Bouin's fixative and metastatic lesions on lungs are scored with the aid of a dissecting microscope.

Treatment of C8161 cells with ISIS 27104 decreases the metastatic potential of these cells, and eliminates the enhanced metastatic ability of C8161 which results from TNF-α treatment.

Example 28 Effect of Integrin α4 Antisense Oligonucleotide in a Murine Model for Crohn's Disease

SJL/J and IL10−/−mice are used in a TNBS (2,4,5,-trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid) induced colitis model for Crohn's disease (Neurath, M. F., et al., J. Exp. Med., 1995, 182, 1281-1290). Mice between the ages of 6 weeks and 3 months are used to assess the activity of TNF-α antisense oligonucleotides.

C3H/HeJ, SJL/JK and IL10−/−mice are fasted overnight prior to administration of TNBS. A thin, flexible polyethylene tube is slowly inserted into the colon of the mice so that the tip rests approximately 4 cm proximal to the anus. 0.5 mg of the TNBS in 50% ethanol is slowly injected from the catheter fitted onto a 1 ml syringe. Animals are held inverted in a vertical position for approximately 30 seconds. Oligonucleotide ISIS 17044 is administered either at the first sign of symptoms or simultaneously with induction of disease. Animals, in most cases, are dosed every day. Administration is by i.v., i.p., s.q., minipumps or intracolonic injection. Experimental tissues are collected at the end of the treatment regimen for histochemical evaluation.

Example 29 Effect of Antisense Oligonucleotide Targeted to Integrin α4 in a Murine Model for Hepatitis

Concanavalin A-induced hepatitis is used as a murine model for hepatitis (Mizuhara, H., et al., J. Exp. Med., 1994, 179, 1529-1537). Female Balbic and C57BL/6 mice between the ages of 6 weeks and 3 months are used to assess the activity of antisense oligonucleotide ISIS 17044.

Mice are intravenously injected with oligonucleotide. The pretreated mice are then intravenously injected with 0.3 mg concanavalin A (Con A) to induce liver injury. Within 24 hours following Con A injection, the livers are removed from the animals and analyzed for cell death (apoptosis) by in vitro methods. In some experiments, blood is collected from the retro-orbital vein.

Example 30 Effect of Antisense Oligonucleotide Targeted to Integrin α4 in a Murine Model for Asthma

Airway inflammation is observed in patients with allergic asthma. A murine model of allergic asthma has been developed, (Hessel et al. J. Immunol. 1998, 160, 2998-3005). Sensitization of BALB/c mice with ovalbumin induces a high level of ovalbumin-specific IgE in serum. Inhalation of ovalbumin in sensitized mice causes an immediate bronchoconstrictive response. Repeated inhalation of ovalbumin in sensitized animals induces nonspecific airway hyperresponsiveness in vivo, and infiltration of leukocytes in airway tissue.

Pathogen-free male BALB/c mice (6-8 wk) are obtained from Jackson Laboratories. Active sensitization is performed by seven IP injections of 10 ug of ovalbumin (Sigma Chemical Co, St. Louis, Mo., grade II) in 0.5 ml of pyrogen-free saline on alternate days, one injection per day. This produces high titers of total IgE in mouse serum of which 80% is ovalbumin-specific IgE (Hessel et al., 1998, J. Immunol. 160: 2998-3005). Four weeks after the last injection, mice are exposed either to ovalbumin aerosols (2 mg/ml) or saline aerosols, once per day for eight days. The aerosol is generated with a nebulizer such as Medix 8001 (Sussex, UK). Animals were exposed for 5 minutes per aerosol challenge.

Antisense oligonucleotide 17044 is given to the mice during the challenge period. Thirty minutes before the first and fifth inhalation challenge, sensitized mice were injected intravenously with a 1 mg/kg to 5 mg/kg dose of ISIS 17044 in PBS.

Airway responsiveness to methacholine is measured in vivo 24 hours after the last aerosol exposure using the air-overflow pressure method, in which bronchial resistance to inflation is measured. Mice are anesthetized by IP injection of urethan 2 g/kg and placed on a heated blanket. The trachea is cannulated and a small polyethylene catheter is placed in the jugular vein for IV administrations. Spontaneous breathing is suppressed by IV injection of tubocurarine chloride (3.3 mg/kg). When it stopped, the tracheal cannula is attached to a respiration pump. At intervals, increasing doses of methacholine ranging from 40 to 1280 ug/kg were given. The increase in air-overflow pressure (caused by reduction of air flow in to the lungs as a result of increasing airway tone) is measured at its peak and expressed as a percentage increase.

Bronchoalveolar lavage is used to measure the leukocyte infiltration of airway tissue. Three and 24 hours after the last aerosol, mice are anesthetized by IP injection of 0.25 ml of sodium pentobarbitone (60 mg/ml). The abdomen and chest are opened, and the abdominal aorta is excised. Below the larynx, a small incision is made, and a flexible polyethylene cannula is inserted into the trachea and fixed with a ligature. Mice are lavaged five times with 1 ml aliquots of pyrogen-free saline warmed to 37° C. The cells derived from each lavage were pooled, were washed with cold PBS and resuspended in 200 ul of cold PBS. Total numbers of cells were counted and categorized.

Example 31 Effect of Antisense to Integrin α4 on Peripheralization of Hemopoietic Progenitor Cells

Mobilization (peripheralization) of hemopoietic progenitor cells from the bone marrow into the blood circulation is clinically useful in stem cell transplantation. A murine model has been established to evaluate the effects of drug compounds on this process (and its reverse, selective lodgement or homing of transplanted stem cells to the recipient's bone marrow)(Papayannopoulou et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 1995, 92, 9647-9651). Briefly, pathogen-free mice 3-6 months old are used and are housed in a filtered-air-flow housing unit for the duration of the experiment. Mice used as primary or secondary recipients in the homing assay are exposed to 1150-cGy irradiation delivered from a Cs source.

Single cell suspensions are prepared from peripheral blood, bone marrow and spleen. Peripheral blood is obtained in preservative-free heparin by cardiac puncture and nucleated cells are recovered using NH₄Cl hemolytic buffer. Bone marrow cells are obtained by flushing femoral marrow, under sterile conditions, with Iscove's modified Dulbecco's medium (IMDM) containing 10% v/v fetal bovine serum and streptomycin (50 ug/ml) and penicillin (50 U/ml). Splenic cell suspensions are obtained by lengthwise dissection of the spleen with a scalpel and scraping of cellular contents from the capsule, followed by vigorous pipetting. All cell suspensions are washed twice in IMDM with 10% fetal bovine serum. Cell counts are obtained using a hemocytometer.

Culture colony-forming unit (CFU-C) and spleen colony-forming unit (CFU-S) assays are performed as described in Papayannopoulou et al., (Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 1995, 92, 9647-9651).

To assess hemopoietic progenitor mobilization in normal animals, the oligonucleotide is administered by daily IV injection (at dose ranges from 1 mg/kg to 5 mg/kg) for three days. Mice are sacrificed on the fourth day. Nucleated cells present in 0.25-0.5 ml of peripheral blood are plated in clonogenic progenitor cultures to assess CFU-C content, as described in Papayannopoulou et al., (Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 1995, 92,9647-9651).

Example 32 Screening of Additional Oligonucleotides Targeted to Human Integrin α4

An additional set of antisense oligonucleotides was designed to target human integrin α4 (Genbank Accession no. L12002, incorporated herein as SEQ ID NO: 1). The oligonucleotides are shown in Table 24. Oligonucleotides were synthesized as “gapmers” consisting of a 9-nucleotide region of deoxynucleotides flanked by three 2′-O-methoxyethyl (2′-MOE) nucleotides on the 5′ end and eight 2′-MOE nucleotides on the 3′ end. 2′-MOE nucleotides are shown in bold in the table. Oligonucleotides were synthesized with phosphorothioate backbones throughout, and all cytosines are 5-methylcytosines. Oligonucleotides were screened in the presence of lipofectin in A375 human melanoma cells as described in Example 8 hereinabove. Results are also shown in Table 24. As shown in the table, oligonucleotides 107234, 107235, 107236, 107237, 107238, 107239, 107240, 107241, 107242, 107243, 107244, 107245, 107246, 107248, 107249, 107251, 107252, 107253, 107254, 107255, 107256, 107257, 107258, 107259 and 107260 (SEQ ID NO: 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 81, 82, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92 and 93, respectively) gave at least about 50% inhibition of integrin α4 protein expression and are preferred. Of these, ISIS 107245, 107248, 107252, 107255 and 107259 (SEQ ID NO: 78, 81, 85, 88 and 92) were selected for further study.

TABLE 24 Additional antisense oligonucleotides targeted to human integrin α4 ISIS # Sequence Target region Target site % Control % Inhib SEQ ID NO 107229 AGTCCGCAGAGCGCGGGATG 5′-UTR 4 104 — 61 107230 AGACTCGCGTCCTGGCCCGG 5′-UTR 31 73 27 62 107231 GTGCGGAGGCGCAGGGCCGG 5′-UTR 106 115 — 63 107232 CCGGTTTCTGCCGCCGAGCC 5′-UTR 189 83 17 64 107233 ATGCGACGGTTGGCCAACGG 5′-UTR 354 57 43 65  27104 CCCAAGCCATGCGCTCTCGG Coding 421 69 31 46 100025 CCCAGCACATCGGCTCTCGG Control 421 97 3 66 5-mismatch 107234 CTTCCCAAGCCATGCGCTCT Coding 424 47 53 67 107235 TCGCTTCCCAAGCCATGCGC Coding 427 36 64 68 107236 GCCTCGCTTCCCAAGCCATG Coding 430 43 57 69 107237 CGCGCCTCGCTTCCCAAGCC Coding 433 46 54 70  26642 TCAGGGTGGCTTAAAGAAGC Coding 1839 67 33 35 107238 TCCTTGCCCTTATATGAGAA Coding 1932 49 51 71 107239 ACTTCCTTGCCCTTATATGA Coding 1935 29 71 72 107240 AGAGTTATCTGTGACTTCAC Coding 2521 40 60 73 107241 GATACTGAGGTCCTCTTCCG Coding 2641 36 64 74 107242 TGAGATCAACAGAAGTACAA Coding 3397 44 56 75 107243 CCAGCCTTCCACATAACATA Coding 3417 39 61 76 107244 AGGATAGATTTGTATTGTCT Coding 3447 37 63 77 107245 GTTGATATAACTCCAACTGT Coding 3487 35 65 78 107246 TAATCATCATTGCTTTTACT STOP 3507 42 58 79 107247 AAGAAGTCCTTAATCATCAT 3′-UTR 3131 65 35 80 107248 CTGAGTCTGTTTTCCATTCT 3′-UTR 3161 34 66 81 107249 CTTGTAAACAGTGTCTTTTA 3′-UTR 3198 38 62 82 107250 GAGTAAAAGAAGTCCAAACA 3′-UTR 3231 57 43 83 107251 CCTTGCATGAAGACATAATA 3′-UTR 3265 40 60 84 107252 AAGAGTAATCATTGCTGAGA 3′-UTR 3291 35 65 85 107253 TCTTTGGCTGTATTATTACC 3′-UTR 3331 29 71 86 107254 TGCTTTAGTGTTTCTCTACC 3′-UTR 3372 33 67 87 107255 AAGTCTAAGACTTCTCCAGT 3′-UTR 3461 36 64 88 107256 GAGGCAAGCACATATGGTAA 3′-UTR 3491 45 55 89 107257 TGAAATGAACCTCTGCCCAC 3′-UTR 3531 44 56 90 107258 TTAAAGTGATAATGGTCCAC 3′-UTR 3631 39 61 91 107259 GGAACACAGCCCGTAGGAAA 3′-UTR 3671 37 63 92 107260 TTTGCCAGTTTGGCCTATAA 3′-UTR 3731 50 50 93

Example 33 Dose Reponse Curves for Effect of Antisense Oligonucleotides on Integrin α4 Protein Expression

A375 cells were treated with ISIS 107245, 107248, 107252, 107255 and 107259 by electroporation at 175 volts, r=1, c=1000, 0.2 ml Opti-MEM, 1×10⁶ cells /ml, 2 mm gap electrode using a BTX Electro Cell Manipulator 600 (Genetronics, San Diego Calif.). Oligonucleotide concentrations were 1, 3, 10 and 30 μM. Cells were harvested 24 hours after oligonucleotide treatment and strained with 2 ug/ml CD49d-FITC for flow cytometry as in the previous examples. Results are shown in Table 25.

TABLE 25 Dose responses of additional antisense oligonucleotides targeted to human integrin α4 Oligo. ISIS # Conc (nM) % Control % Inhib. SEQ ID NO. 27104 1 86.2 13.8 46 10 63.2 36.8 30 35.3 64.7 107245 1 27.1 72.9 78 10 64.4 35.6 30 30.3 69.7 107248 1 9.1 90.9 81 10 23.2 76.8 30 52.1 47.9 107252 1 17.4 82.6 85 10 7.9 92.1 30 2.9 97.1 107255 1 50.6 49.4 88 10 22.9 77.1 30 19.4 80.6 107259 1 17.7 82.3 92 10 42.9 57.1 30 19.4 80.6

ISIS 107248 was compared directly to ISIS 27104 for ability to inhibit integrin α4 expression in A375 melanoma cells. The results are shown in Table 26. Oligonucleotides were electroporated into cells as in the previous example.

TABLE 26 Comparison of ISIS 27104 and ISIS 107248 Oligo ISIS 27104 ISIS 107248 conc. (μM) % control % inhib % control % inhib 1 86.2 13.8 52.1 47.9 3 63.2 36.8 17.4 82.6 10 35.3 64.7 7.9 92.1 30 27.1 72.9 2.9 97.1

Example 34 Antisense Inhibition of Integrin α4 Protein Expression in Jurkat T-cells

ISIS 107248 was tested at doses of 1, 3, 10, 20 and 30 μM for ability to inhibit integrin α4 expression in Jurkat T-lymphocyte cells according to the previous examples. Integrin α4 protein expression was reduced by approximately 65-72% at oligonucleotide doses of 3-30 μM at 24 hours after oligonucleotide treatment. At 48 hours after treatment, integrin α4 protein expression was reduced by 60% at 3 μM and by 90% at 10, 20 and 30 μM oligonucleotide concentration.

Example 35 Antisense Inhibition of Integrin α4 RNA Expression in Jurkat T-cells

Quantitation of integrin α4 mRNA levels was performed by real-time quantitative PCR using the ABI PRISM™ 7700 Sequence Detection System (PE-Applied Biosystems, Foster City, Calif.) according to manufacturer's instructions. This is a closed-tube, non-gel-based, fluorescence detection system which allows high-throughput quantitation of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) products in real-time. As opposed to standard PCR, in which amplification products are quantitated after the PCR is completed, products in real-time quantitative PCR are quantitated as they accumulate. This is accomplished by including in the PCR reaction an oligonucleotide probe that anneals specifically between the forward and reverse PCR primers, and contains two fluorescent dyes. A reporter dye (e.g., JOE or FAM, obtained from either Operon Technologies Inc., Alameda, Calif. or PE-Applied Biosystems, Foster City, Calif.) is attached to the 5′ end of the probe and a quencher dye (e.g., TAMRA, obtained from either Operon Technologies Inc., Alameda, Calif. or PE-Applied Biosystems, Foster City, Calif.) is attached to the 3′ end of the probe. When the probe and dyes are intact, reporter dye emission is quenched by the proximity of the 3′ quencher dye. During amplification, annealing of the probe to the target sequence creates a substrate that can be cleaved by the 5′-exonuclease activity of Taq polymerase. During the extension phase of the PCR amplification cycle, cleavage of the probe by Taq polymerase releases the reporter dye from the remainder of the probe (and hence from the quencher moiety) and a sequence-specific fluorescent signal is generated. With each cycle, additional reporter dye molecules are cleaved from their respective probes, and the fluorescence intensity is monitored at regular intervals by laser optics built into the ABI PRISM™ 7700 Sequence Detection System. In each assay, a series of parallel reactions containing serial dilutions of mRNA from untreated control samples generates a standard curve that is used to quantitate the percent inhibition after antisense oligonucleotide treatment of test samples.

PCR reagents were obtained from PE-Applied Biosystems, Foster City, Calif. RT-PCR reactions were carried out by adding 20 μL PCR cocktail (1×TAQMANT buffer A, 5.5 mM MgCl₂, 300 μM each of dATP, dCTP and dGTP, 600 μM of dUTP, 400 nM each of forward primer and reverse primer (or 100 nM in the case of G3PDH), 100 nM probe, 20 Units RNAse inhibitor, 1.25 Units AMPLITAQ GOLD™, and 12.5 Units MuLV reverse transcriptase) to 5 μL (100 ng) total mRNA solution, purified using the RNEasy™ kit (Qiagen, Valencia Calif.). The RT reaction was carried out by incubation for 30 minutes at 48° C. Following a 10 minute incubation at 95° C. to activate the AMPLITAQ GOLD™, 40 cycles of a two-step PCR protocol were carried out: 95° C. for 15 seconds (denaturation) followed by 60° C. for 1.5 minutes (annealing/extension). Integrin α4 probes and primers were designed to hybridize to the human integrin α4 sequence, using published sequence information (GenBank accession number L12002), incorporated herein as SEQ ID NO:1).

For integrin α4 the PCR primers were: forward primer: GACACGCTGCGCCTCAT (SEQ ID NO: 94, hybridizes at position 319-335 of Genbank accession no. L12002) reverse primer: ATTCAACACTAAGCGGCCACTG (SEQ ID NO: 95, hybridizes at position 391-412 of Genbank accession no. L12002) and the PCR probe was: FAM-CCAACCGTCGCATCCCGTGCAA-TAMRA (probe is SEQ ID NO: 96; hybridizes at position 361-382 of Genbank accession no. L12002) where FAM (PE-Applied Biosystems, Foster City, Calif.) is the fluorescent reporter dye) and TAMRA (PE-Applied Biosystems, Foster City, Calif.) is the quencher dye.

For GAPDH the PCR primers were: forward primer: GAAGGTGAAGGTCGGAGTC (SEQ ID NO: 97) reverse primer: GAAGATGGTGATGGGATTTC (SEQ ID NO: 98) and the PCR probe was: 5′ JOE-CAAGCTTCCCGTTCTCAGCC-TAMRA 3′ (probe is SEQ ID NO: 99) where JOE (PE-Applied Biosystems, Foster City, Calif.) is the fluorescent reporter dye) and TAMRA (PE-Applied Biosystems, Foster City, Calif.) is the quencher dye.

24 hours after treatment of A375 melanoma cells with ISIS 107248 by electroporation (oligonucleotide concentrations of 0.3, 1, 3, 10 and 30 μM), total RNA was isolated using the RNeasy™ kit (Qiagen, Valencia Calif.) and RT-PCR was performed. Integrin α4 mRNA levels were reduced by approximately 23%, 38%, 70%, 80% and 85% compared to control at oligonucleotide doses of 0.3, 1, 3, 10 and 30 μM, respectively.

Example 36 Effect of Antisense Inhibition of Integrin α4 on Cell Adhesion

Human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) (Clonetics, San Diego Calif.) were cultured in EGM-UV medium (Clonetics)and treated with TNFA for 20 hours to induce VCAM expression. A375 melanoma cells were electroporated with ISIS 107248 as described above. Using antibody to PECAM, a specific marker for endothelial cells, flow cytometry was used to quantitate the inhibition of adherence of A375 melanoma cells to HUVECs. Compared to control (TNF treated, no oligonucleotide), ISIS 107248 (10 μM) inhibited A375 melanoma cell adherence to HUVEC by approximately 85%. An antibody to integrin α4 inhibited adherence by approximately 72%. Melanoma cells represent a clinically relevant model because a statistically significant correlation has been shown between increased expression of VLA-4 expression(of which integrin α4 is one member) and time to progression and overall survival time of patients with melanoma. Schadendorf et al., J. Natl. Cancer Inst., 1995, 87, 366-371.

A similar adherence assay was performed using Jurkat T-cells instead of melanoma cells, again detecting adherence to HUVEC. Because Jurkat cells are smaller and less complex, they can be separated from HUVEC by gating on the basis of differences in forward light scatter and side scatter. For 5000 HUVEC events, adherent Jurkat cells were quantitated. At oligonucleotide concentrations of 1, 3, 10, and 30 μM ISIS 107248, adherence of Jurkat cells to HUVEC was 0, 12%, 32% and 63%, respectively. Antibody to integrin α4 gave 96% inhibition, an antibody to VCAM-1 gave 67% inhibition, and a combination of ISIS 107248 and VCAM-1 antibody gave 78% inhibition.

99 1 3567 DNA Homo sapiens CDS (411)..(3527) L12002 Genbank 1996-02-15 1 cgccatcccg cgctctgcgg actgggaggc ccgggccagg acgcgagtct gcgcagccga 60 ggttccccag cgccccctgc agccgcgcgt aggcagagac ggagcccggc cctgcgcctc 120 cgcaccacgc ccgggacccc acccagcggc ccgtacccgg agaagcagcg cgagcacccg 180 aagctcccgg ctcggcggca gaaaccggga gtggggccgg gcgagtgcgc ggcatcccag 240 gccggcccga acgtccgccc gcggtgggcc gacttcccct cctcttccct ctctccttcc 300 tttagcccgc tggcgccgga cacgctgcgc ctcatctctt ggggcgttct tccccgttgg 360 ccaaccgtcg catcccgtgc aactttgggg tagtggccgc ttagtgttga atg ttc 416 Met Phe 1 ccc acc gag agc gca tgg ctt ggg aag cga ggc gcg aac ccg ggc ccc 464 Pro Thr Glu Ser Ala Trp Leu Gly Lys Arg Gly Ala Asn Pro Gly Pro 5 10 15 gaa gcc gcc gtc cgg gag acg gtg atg ctg ttg ctg tgc ctg ggg gtc 512 Glu Ala Ala Val Arg Glu Thr Val Met Leu Leu Leu Cys Leu Gly Val 20 25 30 ccg acc ggc cgc ccc tac aac gtg gac act gag agc gcg ctg ctt tac 560 Pro Thr Gly Arg Pro Tyr Asn Val Asp Thr Glu Ser Ala Leu Leu Tyr 40 45 50 cag ggc ccc cac aac acg ctg ttc ggc tac tcg gtc gtg ctg cac agc 608 Gln Gly Pro His Asn Thr Leu Phe Gly Tyr Ser Val Val Leu His Ser 55 60 65 cac ggg gcg aac cga tgg ctc cta gtg ggt gcg ccc act gcc aac tgg 656 His Gly Ala Asn Arg Trp Leu Leu Val Gly Ala Pro Thr Ala Asn Trp 70 75 80 ctc gcc aac gct tca gtg atc aat ccc ggg gcg att tac aga tgc agg 704 Leu Ala Asn Ala Ser Val Ile Asn Pro Gly Ala Ile Tyr Arg Cys Arg 85 90 95 atc gga aag aat ccc ggc cag acg tgc gaa cag ctc cag ctg ggt agc 752 Ile Gly Lys Asn Pro Gly Gln Thr Cys Glu Gln Leu Gln Leu Gly Ser 100 105 110 cct aat gga gaa cct tgt gga aag act tgt ttg gaa gag aga gac aat 800 Pro Asn Gly Glu Pro Cys Gly Lys Thr Cys Leu Glu Glu Arg Asp Asn 120 125 130 cag tgg ttg ggg gtc aca ctt tcc aga cag cca gga gaa aat gga tcc 848 Gln Trp Leu Gly Val Thr Leu Ser Arg Gln Pro Gly Glu Asn Gly Ser 135 140 145 atc gtg act tgt ggg cat aga tgg aaa aat ata ttt tac ata aag aat 896 Ile Val Thr Cys Gly His Arg Trp Lys Asn Ile Phe Tyr Ile Lys Asn 150 155 160 gaa aat aag ctc ccc act ggt ggt tgc tat gga gtg ccc cct gat tta 944 Glu Asn Lys Leu Pro Thr Gly Gly Cys Tyr Gly Val Pro Pro Asp Leu 165 170 175 cga aca gaa ctg agt aaa aga ata gct ccg tgt tat caa gat tat gtg 992 Arg Thr Glu Leu Ser Lys Arg Ile Ala Pro Cys Tyr Gln Asp Tyr Val 180 185 190 aaa aaa ttt gga gaa aat ttt gca tca tgt caa gct gga ata tcc agt 1040 Lys Lys Phe Gly Glu Asn Phe Ala Ser Cys Gln Ala Gly Ile Ser Ser 195 200 205 210 ttt tac aca aag gat tta att gtg atg ggg gcc cca gga tca tct tac 1088 Phe Tyr Thr Lys Asp Leu Ile Val Met Gly Ala Pro Gly Ser Ser Tyr 215 220 225 tgg act ggc tct ctt ttt gtc tac aat ata act aca aat aaa tac aag 1136 Trp Thr Gly Ser Leu Phe Val Tyr Asn Ile Thr Thr Asn Lys Tyr Lys 230 235 240 gct ttt tta gac aaa caa aat caa gta aaa ttt gga agt tat tta gga 1184 Ala Phe Leu Asp Lys Gln Asn Gln Val Lys Phe Gly Ser Tyr Leu Gly 245 250 255 tat tca gtc gga gct ggt cat ttt cgg agc cag cat act acc gaa gta 1232 Tyr Ser Val Gly Ala Gly His Phe Arg Ser Gln His Thr Thr Glu Val 260 265 270 gtc gga gga gct cct caa cat gag cag att ggt aag gca tat ata ttc 1280 Val Gly Gly Ala Pro Gln His Glu Gln Ile Gly Lys Ala Tyr Ile Phe 275 280 285 290 agc att gat gaa aaa gaa cta aat atc tta cat gaa atg aaa ggt aaa 1328 Ser Ile Asp Glu Lys Glu Leu Asn Ile Leu His Glu Met Lys Gly Lys 295 300 3 aag ctt gga tcg tac ttt gga gct tct gtc tgt gct gtg gac ctc aat 1376 Lys Leu Gly Ser Tyr Phe Gly Ala Ser Val Cys Ala Val Asp Leu Asn 310 315 320 gca gat ggc ttc tca gat ctg ctc gtg gga gca ccc atg cag agc acc 1424 Ala Asp Gly Phe Ser Asp Leu Leu Val Gly Ala Pro Met Gln Ser Thr 325 330 335 atc aga gag gaa gga aga gtg ttt gtg tac atc aac tct ggc tcg gga 1472 Ile Arg Glu Glu Gly Arg Val Phe Val Tyr Ile Asn Ser Gly Ser Gly 340 345 350 gca gta atg aat gca atg gaa aca aac ctc gtt gga agt gac aaa tat 1520 Ala Val Met Asn Ala Met Glu Thr Asn Leu Val Gly Ser Asp Lys Tyr 355 360 365 370 gct gca aga ttt ggg gaa tct ata gtt aat ctt ggc gac att gac aat 1568 Ala Ala Arg Phe Gly Glu Ser Ile Val Asn Leu Gly Asp Ile Asp Asn 375 380 385 gat ggc ttt gaa gat gtt gct atc gga gct cca caa gaa gat gac ttg 1616 Asp Gly Phe Glu Asp Val Ala Ile Gly Ala Pro Gln Glu Asp Asp Leu 390 395 400 caa ggt gct att tat att tac aat ggc cgt gca gat ggg atc tcg tca 1664 Gln Gly Ala Ile Tyr Ile Tyr Asn Gly Arg Ala Asp Gly Ile Ser Ser 405 410 415 acc ttc tca cag aga att gaa gga ctt cag atc agc aaa tcg tta agt 1712 Thr Phe Ser Gln Arg Ile Glu Gly Leu Gln Ile Ser Lys Ser Leu Ser 420 425 430 atg ttt gga cag tct ata tca gga caa att gat gca gat aat aat ggc 1760 Met Phe Gly Gln Ser Ile Ser Gly Gln Ile Asp Ala Asp Asn Asn Gly 435 440 445 450 tat gta gat gta gca gtt ggt gct ttt cgg tct gat tct gct gtc ttg 1808 Tyr Val Asp Val Ala Val Gly Ala Phe Arg Ser Asp Ser Ala Val Leu 455 460 465 cta agg aca aga cct gta gta att gtt gac gct tct tta agc cac cct 1856 Leu Arg Thr Arg Pro Val Val Ile Val Asp Ala Ser Leu Ser His Pro 470 475 480 gag tca gta aat aga acg aaa ttt gac tgt gtt gaa aat gga tgg cct 1904 Glu Ser Val Asn Arg Thr Lys Phe Asp Cys Val Glu Asn Gly Trp Pro 485 490 495 tct gtg tgc ata gat cta aca ctt tgt ttc tca tat aag ggc aag gaa 1952 Ser Val Cys Ile Asp Leu Thr Leu Cys Phe Ser Tyr Lys Gly Lys Glu 500 505 510 gtt cca ggt tac att gtt ttg ttt tat aac atg agt ttg gat gtg aac 2000 Val Pro Gly Tyr Ile Val Leu Phe Tyr Asn Met Ser Leu Asp Val Asn 515 520 525 530 aga aag gca gag tct cca cca aga ttc tat ttc tct tct aat gga act 2048 Arg Lys Ala Glu Ser Pro Pro Arg Phe Tyr Phe Ser Ser Asn Gly Thr 535 540 545 tct gac gtg att aca gga agc ata cag gtg tcc agc aga gaa gct aac 2096 Ser Asp Val Ile Thr Gly Ser Ile Gln Val Ser Ser Arg Glu Ala Asn 550 555 560 tgt aga aca cat caa gca ttt atg cgg aaa gat gtg cgg gac atc ctc 2144 Cys Arg Thr His Gln Ala Phe Met Arg Lys Asp Val Arg Asp Ile Leu 565 570 575 acc cca att cag att gaa gct gct tac cac ctt ggt cct cat gtc atc 2192 Thr Pro Ile Gln Ile Glu Ala Ala Tyr His Leu Gly Pro His Val Ile 580 585 590 agt aaa cga agt aca gag gaa ttc cca cca ctt cag cca att ctt cag 2240 Ser Lys Arg Ser Thr Glu Glu Phe Pro Pro Leu Gln Pro Ile Leu Gln 595 600 605 610 cag aag aaa gaa aaa gac ata atg aaa aaa aca ata aac ttt gca agg 2288 Gln Lys Lys Glu Lys Asp Ile Met Lys Lys Thr Ile Asn Phe Ala Arg 615 620 625 ttt tgt gcc cat gaa aat tgt tct gct gat tta cag gtt tct gca aag 2336 Phe Cys Ala His Glu Asn Cys Ser Ala Asp Leu Gln Val Ser Ala Lys 630 635 640 att ggg ttt ttg aag ccc cat gaa aat aaa aca tat ctt gct gtt ggg 2384 Ile Gly Phe Leu Lys Pro His Glu Asn Lys Thr Tyr Leu Ala Val Gly 645 650 655 agt atg aag aca ttg atg ttg aat gtg tcc ttg ttt aat gct gga gat 2432 Ser Met Lys Thr Leu Met Leu Asn Val Ser Leu Phe Asn Ala Gly Asp 660 665 670 gat gca tat gaa acg act cta cat gtc aaa cta ccc gtg ggt ctt tat 2480 Asp Ala Tyr Glu Thr Thr Leu His Val Lys Leu Pro Val Gly Leu Tyr 675 680 685 690 ttc att aag att tta gag ctg gaa gag aag caa ata aac tgt gaa gtc 2528 Phe Ile Lys Ile Leu Glu Leu Glu Glu Lys Gln Ile Asn Cys Glu Val 695 700 705 aca gat aac tct ggc gtg gta caa ctt gac tgc agt att ggc tat ata 2576 Thr Asp Asn Ser Gly Val Val Gln Leu Asp Cys Ser Ile Gly Tyr Ile 710 715 720 tat gta gat cat ctc tca agg ata gat att agc ttt ctc ctg gat gtg 2624 Tyr Val Asp His Leu Ser Arg Ile Asp Ile Ser Phe Leu Leu Asp Val 725 730 735 agc tca ctc agc aga gcg gaa gag gac ctc agt atc aca gtg cat gct 2672 Ser Ser Leu Ser Arg Ala Glu Glu Asp Leu Ser Ile Thr Val His Ala 740 745 750 acc tgt gaa aat gaa gag gaa atg gac aat cta aag cac agc aga gtg 2720 Thr Cys Glu Asn Glu Glu Glu Met Asp Asn Leu Lys His Ser Arg Val 755 760 765 770 act gta gca ata cct tta aaa tat gag gtt aag ctg act gtt cat ggg 2768 Thr Val Ala Ile Pro Leu Lys Tyr Glu Val Lys Leu Thr Val His Gly 775 780 785 ttt gta aac cca act tca ttt gtg tat gga tca aat gat gaa aat gag 2816 Phe Val Asn Pro Thr Ser Phe Val Tyr Gly Ser Asn Asp Glu Asn Glu 790 795 800 cct gaa acg tgc atg gtg gag aaa atg aac tta act ttc cat gtt atc 2864 Pro Glu Thr Cys Met Val Glu Lys Met Asn Leu Thr Phe His Val Ile 805 810 815 aac act ggc aat agt atg gct ccc aat gtt agt gtg gaa ata atg gta 2912 Asn Thr Gly Asn Ser Met Ala Pro Asn Val Ser Val Glu Ile Met Val 820 825 830 cca aat tct ttt agc ccc caa act gat aag ctg ttc aac att ttg gat 2960 Pro Asn Ser Phe Ser Pro Gln Thr Asp Lys Leu Phe Asn Ile Leu Asp 835 840 845 850 gtc cag act act act gga gaa tgc cac ttt gaa aat tat caa aga gtg 3008 Val Gln Thr Thr Thr Gly Glu Cys His Phe Glu Asn Tyr Gln Arg Val 855 860 865 tgt gca tta gag cag caa aag agt gca atg cag acc ttg aaa ggc ata 3056 Cys Ala Leu Glu Gln Gln Lys Ser Ala Met Gln Thr Leu Lys Gly Ile 870 875 880 gtc cag ttc ttg tcc aag act gat aag agg cta ttg tac tgc ata aaa 3104 Val Gln Phe Leu Ser Lys Thr Asp Lys Arg Leu Leu Tyr Cys Ile Lys 885 890 895 gct gat cca cat tgt tta aat ttc ttg tgt aat ttt ggg aaa atg gaa 3152 Ala Asp Pro His Cys Leu Asn Phe Leu Cys Asn Phe Gly Lys Met Glu 900 905 910 agt gga aaa gaa gcc agt gtt cat atc caa ctg gaa ggc cgg cca tcc 3200 Ser Gly Lys Glu Ala Ser Val His Ile Gln Leu Glu Gly Arg Pro Ser 915 920 925 930 att tta gaa atg gat gag act tca gca ctc aag ttt gaa ata aga gca 3248 Ile Leu Glu Met Asp Glu Thr Ser Ala Leu Lys Phe Glu Ile Arg Ala 935 940 945 aca ggt ttt cca gag cca aat cca aga gta att gaa cta aac aag gat 3296 Thr Gly Phe Pro Glu Pro Asn Pro Arg Val Ile Glu Leu Asn Lys Asp 950 955 960 gag aat gtt gcg cat gtt cta ctg gaa gga cta cat cat caa aga ccc 3344 Glu Asn Val Ala His Val Leu Leu Glu Gly Leu His His Gln Arg Pro 965 970 975 aaa cgt tat ttc acc ata gtg att att tca agt agc ttg cta ctt gga 3392 Lys Arg Tyr Phe Thr Ile Val Ile Ile Ser Ser Ser Leu Leu Leu Gly 980 985 990 ctt att gta ctt ctg ttg atc tca tat gtt atg tgg aag gct ggc ttc 3440 Leu Ile Val Leu Leu Leu Ile Ser Tyr Val Met Trp Lys Ala Gly Phe 995 1000 1005 1010 ttt aaa aga caa tac aaa tct atc cta caa gaa gaa aac aga aga gac 3488 Phe Lys Arg Gln Tyr Lys Ser Ile Leu Gln Glu Glu Asn Arg Arg Asp 1015 1020 1025 agt tgg agt tat atc aac agt aaa agc aat gat gat taa ggacttcttt 3537 Ser Trp Ser Tyr Ile Asn Ser Lys Ser Asn Asp Asp 1030 1035 caaattgaga gaatggaaaa cagcccgccc 3567 2 18 DNA Artificial Sequence antisense sequence 2 ctccgtctct gcctacgc 18 3 18 DNA Artificial Sequence antisense sequence 3 cgggtgctcg cgctgctt 18 4 18 DNA Artificial Sequence antisense sequence 4 cctgggatgc cgcgcact 18 5 18 DNA Artificial Sequence antisense sequence 5 atgaggcgca gcgtgtcc 18 6 18 DNA Artificial Sequence antisense sequence 6 caaagttgca cgggatgc 18 7 18 DNA Artificial Sequence antisense sequence 7 ggaacattca acactaag 18 8 18 DNA Artificial Sequence antisense sequence 8 cccgggttcg cgcctcgc 18 9 18 DNA Artificial Sequence antisense sequence 9 gcgcgctctc agtgtcca 18 10 18 DNA Artificial Sequence antisense sequence 10 gtggctgtgc agcacgac 18 11 18 DNA Artificial Sequence antisense sequence 11 actgaagcgt tggcgagc 18 12 18 DNA Artificial Sequence antisense sequence 12 gcacgtctgg ccgggatt 18 13 18 DNA Artificial Sequence antisense sequence 13 ccactgattg tctctctc 18 14 18 DNA Artificial Sequence antisense sequence 14 ggatccattt tctcctgg 18 15 18 DNA Artificial Sequence antisense sequence 15 gcttattttc attcttta 18 16 18 DNA Artificial Sequence antisense sequence 16 ttcttttact cagttctg 18 17 18 DNA Artificial Sequence antisense sequence 17 tcacataatc ttgataac 18 18 18 DNA Artificial Sequence antisense sequence 18 cccatcacaa ttaaatcc 18 19 18 DNA Artificial Sequence antisense sequence 19 ttatttgtag ttatattg 18 20 18 DNA Artificial Sequence antisense sequence 20 cctaaataac ttccaaat 18 21 18 DNA Artificial Sequence antisense sequence 21 gaaaatgacc agctccga 18 22 18 DNA Artificial Sequence antisense sequence 22 tttcatgtaa gatattta 18 23 18 DNA Artificial Sequence antisense sequence 23 ccacagcaca gacagaag 18 24 18 DNA Artificial Sequence antisense sequence 24 tggtgctctg catgggtg 18 25 18 DNA Artificial Sequence antisense sequence 25 tacacaaaca ctcttcct 18 26 18 DNA Artificial Sequence antisense sequence 26 tttgtttcca ttgcattc 18 27 18 DNA Artificial Sequence antisense sequence 27 tgcagcatat ttgtcact 18 28 18 DNA Artificial Sequence antisense sequence 28 ttgtcaatgt cgccaaga 18 29 18 DNA Artificial Sequence antisense sequence 29 tcatcttctt gtggagct 18 30 18 DNA Artificial Sequence antisense sequence 30 ccatctgcac ggccattg 18 31 18 DNA Artificial Sequence antisense sequence 31 gtccaaacat acttaacg 18 32 18 DNA Artificial Sequence antisense sequence 32 tatctgcatc aatttgtc 18 33 18 DNA Artificial Sequence antisense sequence 33 accgaaaagc accaactg 18 34 18 DNA Artificial Sequence antisense sequence 34 cttgtcctta gcaagaca 18 35 18 DNA Artificial Sequence antisense sequence 35 tcagggtggc ttaaagaa 18 36 18 DNA Artificial Sequence antisense sequence 36 atccattttc aacacagt 18 37 18 DNA Artificial Sequence antisense sequence 37 gcccttatat gagaaaca 18 38 18 DNA Artificial Sequence antisense sequence 38 caatttgaaa gaagtcct 18 39 18 DNA Artificial Sequence antisense sequence 39 tccattctct caatttga 18 40 18 DNA Artificial Sequence antisense sequence 40 ggcgggctgt tttccatt 18 41 1300 DNA Homo sapiens CDS (1152)..(1283) M62841 genbank 1994-10-30 41 ggcagggcac acctggattg cattagaatg agactcacta cccagttcag gtgtgttgcg 60 ttgtgggtct ccggcacatt tcagaggctg attaggaccc tgaccccaca ctggggttta 120 cacccctaaa agcaggtgtg tcccgtggca actgagtggg tgcgtgaaaa ggggggatca 180 tcaattacca gctggagcaa tcgaatcggt taaatgtgaa tcaagtcaca gtgcttcctt 240 aacccaacct ctctgttggg gtcagccaca gcctaaaccg cctgccgttc agcctgagag 300 gctgctgcta gcctgctcac gcatgcagcc cgggctgcag aggaagtgtg gggaggaagg 360 aagtgggtat agaagggtgc tgagatgtgg gtcttgaaga gaatagccat aacgtctttg 420 tcactaaaat gttccccagg ggccttcggc gagtcttttt gtttggtttt ttgtttttaa 480 tctgtggctc ttgataattt atctagtggt tgcctacacc tgaaaaacaa gacacagtgt 540 ttaactatca acgaaagaac tggacggctc cccgccgcag tcccactccc cgagtttgtg 600 gctggcattt gggccacgcc gggctgggcg gctcacagcg aggggcgcgc agtttggggt 660 cacacagctc cgcttctagg ccccaaccac cgttaaaagg ggaagcccgt gccccatcag 720 gtccgctctt gctgagccca gagccatccc gcgctctgcg ggctgggagg cccgggccag 780 acgcgagtcc tgcgcagccg aggttcccca gcgccccctg cagccgcgcg taggcagaga 840 cggagcccgg ccctgcgcct ccgcaccacg cccgggaccc cacccagcgg cccgtacccg 900 gagaagcagc gcgagcaccc gaagctcccg gctcggcggc agaaaccggg agtggggccg 960 ggcgagtgcg cggcatccca ggccggcccg aacgtccgcc cgcggtgggc cgacttcccc 1020 tcctcttccc tctctccttc ctttagcccg ctggcgccgg acacgctgcg cctcatctct 1080 tggggcgttc ttccccgttg gccaaccgtc gcatcccgtg caactttggg gtagtggccg 1140 cttagtgttg a atg ttc ccc acc gag agc gca tgg ctt ggg aag cga ggc 1190 Met Phe Pro Thr Glu Ser Ala Trp Leu Gly Lys Arg Gly 1 5 10 gcg aac ccg ggc ccc gaa gcc gcc gtc cgg gag ggc ccc cac aac acg 1238 Ala Asn Pro Gly Pro Glu Ala Ala Val Arg Glu Gly Pro His Asn Thr 15 20 25 ctg ttc ggc tac tcg gtc gtg ctg cac agc cac ggg gcg aac cga 1283 Leu Phe Gly Tyr Ser Val Val Leu His Ser His Gly Ala Asn Arg 30 35 40 gtgagtag agttgga 1300 42 20 DNA Artificial Sequence antisense sequence 42 tttagtgaca aagacgttat 20 43 20 DNA Artificial Sequence antisense sequence 43 gaaggcccct ggggaacatt 20 44 20 DNA Artificial Sequence antisense sequence 44 agacgttatg gctattctct 20 45 20 DNA Artificial Sequence antisense sequence 45 ttgcccttat atgagaaaca 20 46 20 DNA Artificial Sequence antisense sequence 46 cccaagccat gcgctctcgg 20 47 20 DNA Artificial Sequence antisense sequence 47 ccgcagccat gcgctcttgg 20 48 1771 DNA Mus musculus CDS (1193)..(1387) CDS (1709)..(1771) L20788 Genbank 1996-04-18 48 ccagcacttg cctcctgctc cagcgtgaaa agcagggaat ggaatatgga gtgtaagaca 60 taaattaaaa ataaaataaa attaaaaaaa aaaaaagaaa agcagcacac aaggagtatg 120 ttcagcagag gcccatctcc tggcttaggt gtgctgtgac tctgatctct ggtggctttt 180 tagaagcctg ttatgacctt gtcttaggct gtgtctacac atctggtggt aggtatgtcc 240 tggggtaact gagtgtgtac atggggacta gttatgaaga agtgagcaag gggtggagtc 300 tgctaagtga ggcaagtcac agaatttcct tagcttgcct gggttttctg tgttaggcta 360 ttgcctggct tgctcatgcg tatagactct atttaagagg aagtgtatag agaggaagga 420 agcctgcata aaaggctgca ggcctgggag ttttgaagag actagccata tacttttgtc 480 accaaatgct ccaatagggc tggggcggga gggggggggg cagcagtttt ggcttcttgc 540 aaactgtgta atttctgtat gctacacagc acataagtga cagaggaagt tctggaaggt 600 tctccacagt cttagttccc aaattattgg ccactgggac tggccctgga ggccagtcac 660 ttggtgaagt cccgcaaggc atcaagcctt agccaacttt caaaagggaa tcccctgatc 720 tgttttgtgt tcccccaagg gttatttttg ctgggcccca gaagccagag ccactgtgtg 780 tgatgtctgc cagggtgtga gtccatgcaa cctaggtccc ctagcgcccc ctacagctgc 840 tgcggggcgg ggatggggat cgggttgggg agagggaggc caggctgtga gccactgcac 900 cacacccagg accccaccca gatcctagga gcacccggcc cctggctccg gggccacaga 960 aacggggcgt gggccagagc ctgaagcatc cctggccact acgatcgctc cgcctgtggc 1020 caccaattcc cctcctcttc tggcgtccct ctctccgccc ctgtcgcctg ccagcaccgg 1080 acacgctgct gcacttcatc tcttggggcg ctcttctctt tggccaaccg tcgcatcctg 1140 tgcaactctg gtcagtggcc gttttgtgtt gaatgttctc caccaagagc gc atg gct 1198 Met Ala 1 gcg gaa gcg agg tgc aga ccg agg tcc cga ggg atc gcc ctc cgg gaa 1246 Ala Glu Ala Arg Cys Arg Pro Arg Ser Arg Gly Ile Ala Leu Arg Glu 5 10 15 gcg gtg atg ctg ttg ttg tac ttc ggg gtg cca acc ggg cac tcc tac 1294 Ala Val Met Leu Leu Leu Tyr Phe Gly Val Pro Thr Gly His Ser Tyr 20 25 30 aac ctg gac ccg gag aat gca ctg ctg tac cag ggc ccc tcc ggc acg 1342 Asn Leu Asp Pro Glu Asn Ala Leu Leu Tyr Gln Gly Pro Ser Gly Thr 35 40 45 50 ctg ttt ggc tac tcg gtg gtg ctg cac agc cac ggg tcg aag cgc 1387 Leu Phe Gly Tyr Ser Val Val Leu His Ser His Gly Ser Lys Arg 55 60 65 tggtgagtgc gccctcccca agaggcatgt cacagcgcct ccgcctctgg gattccttgt 1447 atgaatcaaa ctttccgccc tcctgggagg tcagagaaag acctggcttc agccagctgc 1507 ctcactggag agccttggaa ctaacttatc ttgggatggc agcccccagg gtgctcctga 1567 gtcctgggtc tccagtcatg ggaagaggag gtgggtgcca cttcccttgc tgaccactgc 1627 acagctgtca caagccaaca cggggcagag tgggtgggca gactggttca cgtctgagcg 1687 aacttgcatg gttcttgctt t agg ctc atc gtg ggg gct ccc act gcc agc 1738 Trp Leu Ile Val Gly Ala Pro Thr Ala Ser 70 75 tgg ctc tct aat gcc tca gtg gtc aat cct ggg 1771 Trp Leu Ser Asn Ala Ser Val Val Asn Pro Gly 80 85 49 20 DNA Artificial Sequence antisense sequence 49 cacgccccgt ttctgtggcc 20 50 20 DNA Artificial Sequence antisense sequence 50 ggatgcttca ggctctggcc 20 51 20 DNA Artificial Sequence antisense sequence 51 ggagcgatcg tagtggccag 20 52 20 DNA Artificial Sequence antisense sequence 52 ccggtgctgg caggcgacag 20 53 20 DNA Artificial Sequence antisense sequence 53 gatgaagtgc agcagcgtgt 20 54 20 DNA Artificial Sequence antisense sequence 54 ggccactgac cagagttgca 20 55 20 DNA Artificial Sequence antisense sequence 55 cacctcgctt ccgcagccat 20 56 20 DNA Artificial Sequence control sequence 56 cggaccagta ccagggttac 20 57 20 DNA Artificial Sequence control sequence 57 gccgacaccc gttcgttcgg 20 58 20 DNA Artificial Sequence control sequence 58 acctcctcgc tcacgcgcta 20 59 20 DNA Artificial Sequence antisense sequence 59 cgcttccgca gccatgcgct 20 60 13 PRT Artificial Sequence peptide sequence 60 His Ser Leu Gly Lys Trp Leu Gly His Pro Asp Lys Phe 1 5 10 61 20 DNA Artificial Sequence antisense sequence 61 agtccgcaga gcgcgggatg 20 62 20 DNA Artificial Sequence antisense sequence 62 agactcgcgt cctggcccgg 20 63 20 DNA Artificial Sequence antisense sequence 63 gtgcggaggc gcagggccgg 20 64 20 DNA Artificial Sequence antisense sequence 64 ccggtttctg ccgccgagcc 20 65 19 DNA Artificial Sequence antisense sequence 65 agcgacggtt ggccaacgg 19 66 20 DNA Artificial Sequence antisense sequence 66 cccagcacat cggctctcgg 20 67 20 DNA Artificial Sequence antisense sequence 67 cttcccaagc catgcgctct 20 68 20 DNA Artificial Sequence antisense sequence 68 tcgcttccca agccatgcgc 20 69 20 DNA Artificial Sequence antisense sequence 69 gcctcgcttc ccaagccatg 20 70 20 DNA Artificial Sequence antisense sequence 70 cgcgcctcgc ttcccaagcc 20 71 20 DNA Artificial Sequence antisense sequence 71 tccttgccct tatatgagaa 20 72 20 DNA Artificial Sequence antisense sequence 72 acttccttgc ccttatatga 20 73 20 DNA Artificial Sequence antisense sequence 73 agagttatct gtgacttcac 20 74 20 DNA Artificial Sequence antisense sequence 74 gatactgagg tcctcttccg 20 75 20 DNA Artificial Sequence antisense sequence 75 tgagatcaac agaagtacaa 20 76 20 DNA Artificial Sequence antisense sequence 76 ccagccttcc acataacata 20 77 20 DNA Artificial Sequence antisense sequence 77 aggatagatt tgtattgtct 20 78 20 DNA Artificial Sequence antisense sequence 78 gttgatataa ctccaactgt 20 79 20 DNA Artificial Sequence antisense sequence 79 taatcatcat tgcttttact 20 80 20 DNA Artificial Sequence antisense sequence 80 aagaagtcct taatcatcat 20 81 20 DNA Artificial Sequence antisense sequence 81 ctgagtctgt tttccattct 20 82 20 DNA Artificial Sequence antisense sequence 82 cttgtaaaca gtgtctttta 20 83 20 DNA Artificial Sequence antisense sequence 83 gagtaaaaga agtccaaaca 20 84 20 DNA Artificial Sequence antisense sequence 84 ccttgcatga agacataata 20 85 20 DNA Artificial Sequence antisense sequence 85 aagagtaatc attgctgaga 20 86 20 DNA Artificial Sequence antisense sequence 86 tctttggctg tattattacc 20 87 20 DNA Artificial Sequence antisense sequence 87 tgctttagtg tttctctacc 20 88 20 DNA Artificial Sequence antisense sequence 88 aagtctaaga cttctccagt 20 89 20 DNA Artificial Sequence antisense sequence 89 gaggcaagca catatggtaa 20 90 20 DNA Artificial Sequence antisense sequence 90 tgaaatgaac ctctgcccac 20 91 20 DNA Artificial Sequence antisense sequence 91 ttaaagtgat aatggtccac 20 92 20 DNA Artificial Sequence antisense sequence 92 ggaacacagc ccgtaggaaa 20 93 20 DNA Artificial Sequence antisense sequence 93 tttgccagtt tggcctataa 20 94 17 DNA Artificial Sequence antisense sequence 94 gacacgctgc gcctcat 17 95 22 DNA Artificial Sequence antisense sequence 95 attcaacact aagcggccac tg 22 96 22 DNA Artificial Sequence antisense sequence 96 ccaaccgtcg catcccgtgc aa 22 97 19 DNA Artificial Sequence antisense sequence 97 gaaggtgaag gtcggagtc 19 98 20 DNA Artificial Sequence antisense sequence 98 gaagatggtg atgggatttc 20 99 20 DNA Artificial Sequence antisense sequence 99 caagcttccc gttctcagcc 20 

What is claimed is:
 1. A pharmaceutical composition comprising an antisense compound 8 to 30 nucleotides in length targeted to a nucleic acid molecule encoding integrin α4, wherein said antisense compound inhibits the expression of integrin α4, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or diluent.
 2. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 1 further comprising a colloidal dispersion system.
 3. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 1 wherein the antisense compound is an antisense oligonucleotide.
 4. A method of inhibiting the expression of integrin α4 in human cells or tissues comprising contacting said cells or tissues with the composition of claim 1 so that expression of integrin α4 is inhibited.
 5. A method of treating an animal having a disease or condition associated with expression of integrin α4 comprising administering to said animal a therapeutically or prophylactically effective amount of the composition of claim 1 so that expression of integrin α4 is inhibited.
 6. The method of claim 5 wherein the disease or condition is an inflammatory disease or condition or an autoimmune disease or condition.
 7. The method of claim 5 wherein the disease or condition is characterized by leukocyte migration into affected tissues.
 8. The method of claim 7 wherein the affected tissues are central nervous system tissues.
 9. The method of claim 5 wherein the disease or condition is rheumatoid arthritis, multiple sclerosis, or tumor metastases.
 10. A method of reducing levels of VLA-4 in human cells or tissues comprising contacting said cells or tissues with the composition of claim 1 so that expression of human integrin α4 is inhibited thereby reducing levels of VLA-4.
 11. A method of reducing levels of α4β7 integrin in human cells or tissues comprising contacting said cells or tissues with the composition of claim 1 so that expression of human integrin α4 is inhibited thereby reducing levels of α4β7 integrin.
 12. The composition of claim 3 wherein the antisense oligonucleotide comprises at least an 8 nucleobase portion of SEQ ID NO: 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 81, 82, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92 or
 93. 13. The method of claim 5 wherein the disease or condition is a metastatic disease or condition.
 14. The method of claim 13 wherein the disease or condition is melanoma.
 15. A method of decreasing adherence of cells of a first type to cells of a second type comprising contacting at least one of said cell types with a composition of claim 1 thereby inhibiting integrin α4 expression and decreasing adhesion of the cells.
 16. The method of claim 15 wherein said first cell type is melanoma cells or lymphocytes.
 17. The method of claim 15 wherein said second cell type is endothelial cells. 